Red Bull Case Analysis

Red Bull Case Analysis Purpose: to provide the chain of strategies Red Bull used to develop their brand equity and global market dominance in the energy beverage industry. Target Market: Red Bull does not target to a specific demographic or psychographic. Its strategy is to reach to a relatively broad consumer base. The target is anyone who need energy boost to combat their mental and/or physical fatigue. Red Bull knows their consumer base mostly involves students, drivers, clubbers, business professionals and athletes. Marketing Mix:Product: Red Bull offers a premium energy drink supplement that provides essential ingredients to rejuvenate the mind and body. Red Bull consists of energy-enhancing ingredients: caffeine, taurine, and glucuronolactone packed in a 250 millilitre can. Price: Red Bull prices one 250 millilitre can at a premium price between $1. 99 and $3. 00 which makes it significantly more expensive than traditional soft drinks. Their pricing strategy is to charge at lea st 10 % greater than the most expensive competitor reinforce their position.Promotion: Red Bull relies on one of the most effective forms of marketing, â€Å"word-of-mouth†. Along with the word-of-mouth strategy they also do event sponsorships, sampling programs, point-of-purchase marketing, athletic endorsements, and electronic media buys. Red Bull Mystic: When the product first lunch Red Bull created a buzz by putting empty cans in bars and night club to make the consumers believe that it was a popular product. As a result the consumers started talking about and want to try it out of curiosity.Event Sponsorships: Event sponsorships greatly increase the recognition of the brand. Red Bull currently has ninety individual events that have been created from the ground up. Most of the events are non-mainstream sports events that are typically extreme sports. Red Bull invests in doing their own events because they control everything and strive to make the event very unique, so the y can get into the media. Athlete Endorsements: The athletes Red Bull endorses are carefully select for their individual qualities that fit with the brands personality.Red Bull would simply make the drink available to the athletes during their competition where they would sample it and then potentially become frequent users. When a particular athlete that fit with the brand would become one of their frequent users, Red Bull would then make a sponsorship deal with that athlete. Sampling: Sampling is the most essential aspect of Red Bull’s marketing efforts. Red Bull offered samples specifically to consumers at music concerts, sport events, highway rest areas, and higher education campuses.Red Bull assembles a team of college students to go out and encourage other to sample the drink, conduct research on drinking trends, implement on-campus promotions, collect customer feedback and educate the consumers about the product. Point-of-Purchase: Red Bull has its own miniature glass refrigerator with the brand logo on it. Red Bull also made sure that the refrigerator was place in a prominent location in the environment. Unfortunately some places do not allow Red Bull to use their own miniature refrigerator, in this case Red Bull in the existing store refrigerator.Traditional Advertisement: Red Bull uses television ads, print, and radio advertisements. The television ads are a short animated commercial that clearly communicates the product benefits through intelligent dialogue and scenarios. The message in the commercials is â€Å"Red Bull gives you wings† and this message correlates directly to the brands positions. The commercials fitted well with the global market and reached a wide target audience because of the usages of well-known animated characters and simple universal concepts. Place: Red Bull is sold in the global market, but there are a few countries hat prohibit the sale of Red Bull because of specific ingredients and incidence in which Red Bu ll may have causes health complications. Those countries are France, Norway, and Denmark. In the countries that do allow the sale of Red Bull, it can be found in bars, nightclubs, convenience stores, school campuses, gas stations, and other places where the company believes their target will need an energy boost. Brand Strategy: The brand strives to continue to be the leader in energy drinks and upheld brand position and appeal.It is ideal to the company to keep the buzz of Red Bull prevalent in the mind of the consumers as well as innovate and retain current users. Brand Position: Red Bull is positioned as a premium energy-boosting beverage that revitalizes the body and mind. Points of Parity: In the saturated market of energy drinks they all claim to boost energy and performance. The ingredients in the majority of the drinks are similar containing b-vitamins and significant amounts of caffeine. Similar brands are: Lucozade, Monster, Rockstar, and Full ThrottlePoints of Differences : Red Bull technically exploited the energy boosting drink market. There large focus on word-of-mouth and large network of unique sponsored events keeps their brand fresh in the consumers mind. The are considered a premium drink with premium benefits because of the pricing and packaging appeal. Unlike their closest competitor the can focus exclusively on the Red Bull brand and continue to market towards local target markets instead of marketing to the masses as a whole. Core Brand Associations: Red Bull is associated with their extreme sports and athletic endorsement.The events are unique and gather big media attention due to the uniqueness and hype. When a spectator is watching a Red Bull event they can expect to see something exciting because of previous Red Bull phenomenon. Red Bull has its own soccer team, Formula One Racing team and NASCAR team. If the sport is not a typical mainstream sport, Red Bull logo will probably be found at the sporting event. Other associations are: * Music Concerts * Festivals * Nightclubs * Alcoholic Beverages Brand ElementsLogo and Slogan: The logo is two red bulls facing toward each other as if they are going to collide in front of a yellow sun. The logo appears to be oriental theme and its significance probably is from the Thai energy drink, â€Å"Krating Daeng† that inspired Dietrich Mateschitz. The slogan is â€Å"Red Bull give you Wiiings†. Packaging: Red Bull uses a silver and blue 250 millilitre can with the Red Bull logo. Under the logo are the words â€Å"Energy Drink† and the phrase â€Å"Revitalizes body and mind† both, which effectively communicate the beneficial properties of the drink to the consumer.The silver and blue pattern on the can is really effective in the brands salience and the cans are mostly sold in singles, but are offered in convenient packs priced the same amount as if each can is sold separately. Brand Mantra: Revitalize body and mind Four Steps of Brand Building Brand Salience: The aluminium and blue can pair with the logo â€Å"two red bull and sun† is highly associate with the brand. Brand Performance: Red Bull small premium can is thought of as being very effective and provides an energy boost for anyone who needs revitalization.Brand Judgement: Viewed a being performance enhancing fuel and cool. This is mainly due to brand association with extreme sports and events. Red Bull is judged one of the strongest because it comes in a one 250-millilitre can Brand Feelings: Extreme, potent, excitement, revitalizing, cool, extravagant, premium Brand Resonance: Red Bull has high brand loyalty in the global market place. Consumers have high attachment and need for the product. The communities of extreme performers and extreme sports athletes, college students, and partiers have high loyalty.Red Bull has high engagement with consumers, often offering deals and promotions for their events and regularly will visit a college campus or event to handou t free Red Bull. It is even a popular alcohol mixer. Distribution: To ensure the quality and consistency of the point of purchase display, Red Bull employs their own delivery drivers to delivery the beverage and restocks the refrigerators. The product can be found at most convenience stores, trendy locations, and nightclubs. Brand Image: Health concerns have been an issue for Red Bull since its inception.There was one incident in particular with, Ross Cooney, a basketball player from Ireland drunk four cans of Red Bull before playing a game and died of Sudden Arrhythmia Death Syndrome. There was never a firm conclusion that his cause of death was because of the four cans of Red Bull, but recently a consumer did die because of drinking too many Monster energy drinks. Monster is Red Bull’s leading competitor and this incident can negatively affect Red Bull even though it was a competitor’s product that cause. The negative results that could affect Red Bull from Monsters case are: * Consumers might become wary of energy drink Implementation of stiffer food regulations in the US market and global markets * Brand equity could be compromised due to consumers perception * Make formula less potent * Change packaging and include a warning for excessive drinking * The positive effects from Monsters incident are: * Red Bull may gain the market share Monster could possibly lose * Consumers may trust Red Bull more since it has never been linked to the actual cause of death. * Increase in their brand equity Recommendations/Conclusion: I recommend that Red Bull should continue to innovate and expand.The all-natural and organic industry is increasing and people are looking for energy products that are natural. There are a few energy beverage companies that are in that market already and Red Bull could enter it with no problem due to their brand equity. With that said, I recommend a few brand extensions. Other companies have different types such as a coffee versi on or a weaker version. The different brand extensions would satisfy needs in other submarkets that exist Red Bull just has to make sure they do not confuse the consumers and target the products strategically.Red Bull has already began releasing and testing a small variety of flavours and I believe this is a good idea because I know from reviews and first hand experience that some people do not like the smell or flavour of the original beverage. I believe Red Bull’s advertising does a good job appealing to all the consumers’ lifestyle stages and appeals to the broad target. I believe Red Bull is doing a good job innovating their event marketing upping the ante every time. For example the Red Bull near space jump.

Like water for Chocolate

These quotes show Tit's connection to food, which grow slowly in ever y chapter of the book. TIA prepares certain dishes for special occasions and at different times of the year and the food is connected to her emotions. First, the narrator begins by telling the reader that â€Å"The trouble with crying ova ere an onion is that once the chopping gets you started and the tears begin to well up, the next thing you know you just can't stop! † (3). The narrator is indirectly telling the reader that food is also like Faber 2 motions.As a matter of fact â€Å"TIA made her entrance into this world, preempt rely, right there on the kitchen table amid the smells of simmering noodle soup, thyme, bay leave s, and cilantro, steamed milk, garlic, and of course, onion. † (Quiver 56). This quote shows the at TIA is connected to food even before she can cook. The fact that Tit's onion induce d crying caused her to come to the world prematurely show us that in the novel tears are symbol of Tit's emotional connection, once again making food a really important role in the novel.Second, Food in Like Water for Chocolate doesn't only represent emotions it a I so represents tradition. â€Å"TIA gets her great cooking skills from Nacho, this is there e way of passing down the recipes from generation to generation. The recipes in Like Water for Chocolate are kept in the family. TIA then passes the recipes to Spenserian. Spenserian then passes them to her daughter who puts them in the book. The recipes that are passes down from generation to generation are also what tell us the story of TIA† (Tradition, Culture, Food in Lie eek Water for Chocolate 1).There was one day when Rosary did attempt to cook. When It TA tried nicely to give her some advice, Rosary became irritated and asked her to leave the kit chem.. The rice was obviously scorched, the meat dried out, the dessert burnt. But no one at the t able dared display the tiniest hint of displeasure, not after Mama Elena had pointedly remarked: â€Å"As for the first meal Rosary has cooked it isn't bad. Don't you agree, Pedro? † Of course, t hat afternoon the whole family felt sick to their stomachs† (50). The sickness that the family felt was that of the hate in she prepared the meal with.Third, Esquire' specifically tells the reader that the cook has the power to do stuff by saying â€Å"The kitchen becomes a veritable reservoir of creative and magical events, in which the cook who possesses this talent becomes artist, healer, and lover. Culinary activity I involves not just the Faber 3 combination of prescribed ingredients, but something personal and creative e matting from the cook, a magical quality which transforms the food and grants its powerful pro parties that go beyond physical satisfaction to provide spiritual nourishment as well† (60).The e use of Magical realism in this novel let's the reader understand more how in this novel the c ask possesses the talent to become an artist a healer or a lover. In conclusion, Food has a meaning of communication in this novel. F-DOD I s represented to show the emotions of TIA as well as the other characters. Food has a strong r ole in Like Water for Chocolate because food and it's tradition is what identifies the main char Cater, TIA . Through the novel we see that TIA was born in a Kitchen and lived cooking almost all h ere life.The title of he book is also symbolic because â€Å"the phrase like water for chocolate came f room Mexico. In Mexico,hot chocolate is made with water, not milk. The water is brought to a boil and then the chocolate is spooned into it. A person in a state of sexual excitement is said to be â€Å"like water for chocolate(algebra Dictionary). † The narrator utilized food to represent Tit's ATT ration to Pedro. Food is extremely important in this novel because without the magical realism m used with the food, it would of been harder for the reader to understand Tit's affai r with Pee door.

Incentive Plan Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Incentive Plan - Essay Example 30% of them work in shift of six hours daily. The owner of the Restaurant does not have sufficient experience of running this food business and has sought for a consultancy on how to make as business a thriving and successful enterprise in the environment of stiff competition. Most of the young employees are either students at the university or they do this job as a part time in order to augment their incomes. The following incentives plans is submitted to the owner of Serina Restaurant in order to fulfill his requirements for a successful business: - All the newly recruited employees have to be trained in Kitchen hygiene minimizing the wastage of food stuff, presentation techniques to the customers, all possible good manners to attract and satisfy the customers requirement and preparedness to serve the customers at stretched hours. In order to evens full interest of employees in the business the performance bonus on monthly and quarterly basis has to be ensures so that employees can feel satisfied about their monitory benefits and should own the business to the core of their minds. Besides above employees have to be ensured extra monitoring rewards when the business yielded the profits higher then speculated slabs in this way the employees will put all their efforts to the keep the profits growing. The employees must feel themselves as a part of the Restaurant b

Technical Description Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Technical Description - Assignment Example The product, in this case, is the insecticide, hair products, or deodorant. On the other hand, the propellant is the matter used to get the product out of the can. The figure below is an illustration of a liquefied aerosol can. A dip tube serves as the means to which the product travels from the can to the user. It runs from the top to the bottom side of the can. The top end of the dip tube entails the nozzle. The user gets to access the product by pressing the headpiece. Once the user presses the headpiece, the seal is disconnected exerting pressure to the high-pressure propellant. The pressure drives the product out of the can through the dip tube to the nozzle. Once the user releases the headpiece, the spring pushes the headpiece to its initial position. The inlet slides above the seal disconnecting the inlet from the outlet. The nozzle is narrow to atomize the liquid; hence, the product is emitted as tiny droplets to form a fine spray

Academic development strategies for undergraduate students Thesis Proposal

Academic development strategies for undergraduate students - Thesis Proposal Example Meanwhile, studies have showed the importance of academic development programmes and activities towards the overall development of students for both academic and non-academic career orientations after graduation (Klassen, Krawchuk & Rajani, 2008). In the light of this, the need to keep researching into ways by which some of the most applicable and effective strategies can be incorporated in single schemes for academic development can be said to be necessary. When mention is made of incorporating strategies and abilities for academic development, there are some common theories, concepts and frameworks that commonly come to mind. These include collaborative learning, constructivism, and connectivism. This is because whether used individually or together, each of these three main concepts help in bringing together different strategies of learning aimed at developing students academically to have abilities necessary for both academic and non-academic careers after graduation (Robinson, L loyd & Rowe, 2008). At the same time Hattie (2009), posited that using academic research is one of the most powerful means by which components of collaborative learning, constructivism, and connectivism can be achieved under a common umbrella. Based on the identified problem and the background given to the problem above, the study will be conducted with the aim of using academic research as an interventional strategy for academic development among undergraduate students. In order to achieve this overall aim, the following specific objectives will be pursued by the researcher: Before pursuing the proposed study, the researcher came to the realisation that there are other existing researches that have focused on academic development strategies for undergraduates. However, most of these existing studies were limited to academic performance enhancement whiles undertaking graduate courses (Hoog, J., Johansson & Olofsson, 2005; Elliot & McGregor, 2001). The weakness with

Economic Liberalism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Economic Liberalism - Essay Example This paper declares that some economies such as Italy, Spain, and Russia did not have political freedom despite their enterprises being economically free. In the modern world, it is challenging to balance between individual freedom and capitalism due to the widespread interdependence that exist. An illustration is the dependence between farmers and consumers of the farm products. Capitalism promotes freedom in such a scenario by facilitating the sale of goods and services on a competitive market where all players have full information. As the report stresses government regulation is almost a mistake. Friedman believes that government regulation is almost a mistake. He depicts regulation being initiated by power-hungry politicians. The key objectives of these politicians are to target their reelection and formulation of red tape for their own advantages. Many of the government regulation are derived from the special interests of a selected few entities in the private sector. Some organizations in the private sector use the government through its regulation powers to tilt the market in a direction, which facilitates them making more profits than their competitors do. These entities therefore interfere with the government’s work making the regulations inefficient. Government regulations have put in industries such as airlines, communication, truckers, and railroads to make it very difficult for competitors to penetrate through the market.

Micro Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Micro - Essay Example The logic is that the cost required to produce another unit of the output should be equal to the revenue generated from that additional unit. It is illustrated as follows. AR MC MR AC P P’ Q Q’ In the above diagram, the monopolist decides output at the point where MR=MC. The corresponding price from the demand curve is then set which is P > P’. P’ is the perfect competition price and Q is the corresponding output. (Chakraborty, 351-354) Monopoly and Deadweight Loss The monopolist makes a higher profit due to the single market and manages to appropriate a part of the consumer’s surplus. D P M P’ E C O Q MR AR In the above diagram the consumer surplus was DP’C under perfect competition. The monopolist appropriates PMEP’ amount of consumer surplus. Its producers’ surplus is P’EQO. Therefore loss of social welfare or the deadweight loss is EMC. This is lost from the society due to inefficiencies of monopoly. (Chakrabor ty, 351-354) Perfect Discrimination Perfect price discrimination is a special case of monopoly where the producer can extract the maximum price from each buyer. The producer in this case deals with each consumer individually. He has perfect information about the buyers. Therefore he is able to charge a price high enough from each buyer. The prices in this case differ from buyer to buyer.

The Turn of the Screw Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The Turn of the Screw - Essay Example Hence, the prologue introduces the story as a long-kept secret that is about to be revealed. The secret as narrative strategy consists in the omission of information by the narrator, in order to maintain the narrative suspense among the readers, which can be compared to Douglas’s attitudes towards his audience. An atmosphere of mystery surrounds Douglas’s introduction of the story: his agitation, his reluctance to tell too many details (â€Å"You’ll easily judge†¦ you will† [24], â€Å"That will come out. I don’t anticipate† [28]) and his hiding of the governess’s manuscript before he decided to read it. From the prologue, it becomes obvious that the narrator is not only a subject who tells, but also a subject who allows herself/himself to remain silent. As soon as the narrator chooses â€Å"not to tell† everything, we notice that the great secret of the ghostly experience is made of a chain of â€Å"little† secrets, some of which are partially revealed (the cause of the former governess’s death, the reason of Miles’s expulsion from boarding school), whereas others remain untold, and the very ending of the story becomes a secret to the readers, that is, Miles’s death, a question that has generated a lot of interpretations among the scholars. Priscilla Walton assumes Miles’s death as a Pyrrhic victory of the governess’s over the ghost of Peter Quint, who possessed little Miles (315). She states that he died due to his conflict on sexualities. On the contrary, Teahan claims that Miles was strangled by the governess. The climax of the story coincides with the governess’s fatal â€Å"reading† of Miles: unable to tolerate the ambiguity of his failure to conform to her polarized stereotypes of the sexually innocent â€Å"angel† and corrupt â€Å"fiend†Ã¢â‚¬ ¦, she fixes his meaning by strangling him in a deadly literalization of the recurring metaphors of â€Å"seizing† and â€Å"grasping† that track her struggle

Performance Management and Employee Relations Essay

Performance Management and Employee Relations - Essay Example Like ISO 9001:2000, its intention is not to be regulatory in content but it advocates the advantages from officially defined processes producing data and metrics which drive constant improvement. The goal of both models is to encourage comprehension and maturity, where the organisation monitors its execution in a continuous cycle to better its services and products. Both models are similar in intent and in representing best practice; however there are disparities particularly in the formal evaluation process. ISO 9001 certified companies should meet the requirements of the standard and persist on doing so by undertaking routine surveillance, so as to guarantee that the results of the initial assessment stay valid. In contrast, the SEI characteristically requires just a one-off assessment in order to corroborate an organisation's maturity rating contending that once a company has sustained improvement entrenched within its culture then it shall continue to do so. On the other hand, CSC had become familiar to the benefits offered by its regular LRQA visits and feels that comparable benefits could be present through regular checks against the CMM. LRQA has offered its routine ISO surveillance activity to include the concern of the SEI CMM model criteria. The LRQA evaluator who is trained in the CMM model consequently takes this into account while looking at the every visit and references his findings within the evaluation report. 3. Public-Private PartnershipA Public-Private Partnership (PPP) is a contract between a public agency (local, state or federal) and a private sector body. Through this agreement, the assets and skills of each sector (private and public) are shared in bring a service for the use of the common public. Concomitant to the sharing of resources, all party shares in the rewards and risks possibility in the delivery of the service or facility. The PPP form is a comprehensive form that is used by LRQA in approaching the evaluation. This form covers important aspects like Goal Setting; Performance Review; Training and Development Plan; Career Development and Progression; and a Summary that includes the manager's comments on overall performance review. 4. LRQA appraisal method - CMM model Since 2003, LRQA has been deploying the CMM model during its regular ISO 9001 inspection visits for CSC. This has seen LRQA adjusting its characteristic audit

Buyer behaviour- how buyer Behaviour Is Used In the Context of Essay

Buyer behaviour- how buyer Behaviour Is Used In the Context of Marketing - Essay Example Also gives the reader an insight about the influence of buyer behaviour on the development of Nestle MilkPak’s marketing mix within the packaged milk industry; it shows how the product, price, placement, and promotion of the product have been altered to best fit the consumers’ choice and also encourage positive buyer behaviour, which in turn induces consumer loyalty and attracts more consumers. In addition to this, the report also discusses the different marketing communication channels and how they are being used by the company to influence the consumer decision-making  process with regard to the consumer decision-making model, the technique that has been applied by the company and how it influences the purchase of their product.   Aims and Objectives: Following are the aims and objectives of the report: To understand the importance of buyer behaviour in the Packaged Milk Industry, specifically for Nestle MilkPak with regard to market segmentation, target market as well as product positioning. The influence of buyer behaviour on the development of Nestle MilkPak`s marketing mix within the packaged milk industry i.e. ... applied by the company and how it influences the purchase of their product.   Nestle The Company: In 1866, Henri Nestle founded the Nestle Company in Vevey, Switzerland and its headquarters are still based there to date. Its factories and operations are spread all over the world, with approximately 280,000 global employees. Its sales for 2010 were almost CHF 110 bn. Nestle is one of the top Nutrition, Health and Wellness companies in the world, pursuing the mission of "Good Food, Good Life". The company aims towards providing its consumers with tasty and nutritious food in a wide range of food and beverage categories. (Nestle.com 2011) Nestle MilkPak: MilkPak by Nestle is well known for its nutritious value and uncontaminated natural taste. It has added nutritious value of Iron, Vitamin C and Vitamin A, which is very beneficial for the health of the entire family. MilkPak is harmonized UHT milk that benefits from NESTLE’s expertise and is brimming with healthiness, wellness and nutrition. A single glass of MilkPak fulfils 20% Iron, 41% Calcium, 18% Vitamin A and 20% Vitamin C of an individuals’ daily requirement, as stated by Nutritional Reference Values, CODEX Alimentarius. (Nestle.pk 2007) Milk, as well as dairy products,  contain a vast quantity of nutrients and provide a shortcut of the supplying of these nutrients to the diet within moderately few calories. (The Dairy Council 2011) Milk is an important source of nutrition and its hygienic quality is important from public health point of view. (K. Muhammad, I. Altaf, A. Hanif, A. A. Anjum* and M. Y. Tipu 2009) Market Segmentation: Market segmentation can be divided into two broad categories, namely descriptive and behavioural. The descriptive market segmentation is done on the basis of descriptive

Bullying and Harrasment in the Workplace Essay Example for Free

Bullying and Harrasment in the Workplace Essay In hard times people tend more to be willing to find out why things aren’t working and so a growing awareness of satisfying employees lead to a more detailed picture of bullying in the workplace. Due to great changes in hotel and hospitality industry caused by the economic crisis and its cumulative effects on the behaviour of managers as well as on employees, volition emerged to do more against bullying in the workplace. This paper critically analyzes the reason for the occurrence of bullying and gives impacts on relationship between bullying, work and health. Furthermore it shows emerging problems for the hotel and hospitality industry and gives advice to find appropriate solutions to provide a bullying-free working place. Several published definitions of bullying make it hard to find the genuine meaning of it. According to the Department of Education? s article, published on their homepage www. education. gov. k in October 2010, bullying can be defined as â€Å"Behaviour by an individual or group usually repeated over time, that intentionally hurts another individual or group either physically, emotionally or mentally†. This definition is accepted and used by various organisations in the UK for anti-bullying publications and treatment policies. Unfortunately this definition covers an array of bullying types, so Zapf D. (1996) categorised five types of bullying behaviour in the workplace to get a closer look on what bullying really is. They are work-related bullying which may include changing your work tasks or making them difficult to perform, social isolation, personal attacks or attacks on your private life by ridicule, insulting remarks, gossip or the like, verbal threats where you are criticised, yelled at or humiliated in public and physical violence or threats of such violence. Referring to those statements it is possible to critically analyze bullying by keeping in mind the definition in relationship with Zapf? s five types of bullying. Nowadays it is well-known that bullying is common in almost every Industry whether in small businesses or international companies. Especially in tourism-related businesses like hotel and hospitality industry, bullying causes capacious damage in different dimensions concerning areas like staff turnover and revenue but also number of staff away sick and motivation of employees. To avoid long-term impacts of harassment, bullying or mobbing has to be nipped in the bud according to Dolan C. (2010):1 who said that â€Å"Bullying can? survive in workplaces that won? t support it. † To provide such a workplace, is today? s great challenge for managers. Generally reasons for bullying are minor problems which aren’t obviously inflicting damage to somebody like discontent about matters, problems in private live, unintended aspersions compared to a co-worker or sometimes a harsh tone in stressful situations. In Hotel and Hospitality industry the constant contact with different people, whether new staff members or guests, provides an excellent breeding ground for such problems. It could be an annoying guest, a challenging situation or an excessive period of work strain which gets people to offend a colleague. All these minor incidents are harmful for working climate and interpersonal relationships in long-term. These problems could be categorised, in alleviated acceptation, into different types of physically and psychologically violence, referring to Fineman S. (2003), who splits workplace violence into intrusive, consumer-related and organizational violence. Intrusive violence rarely occurs in hotel and hospitality industry but is not entirely excluded. On August 21, 2010 the Intercontinental hotel in Rio de Janeiro was scene of a taking of hostages. 10 employees of the hotel were restraint for several hours until they have been released, after the police took some action towards the criminals. Attacks by terrorists against hotels and employees infrequently take place in most countries, but witnessing crime related situations could be an immense strain. A more eminent factor in tourism-related businesses is consumer related violence. Demands of customers which couldn? always be measured, are causing complaints about e. g. delays or bad handling. Especially front office employees have to deal with enormous pressure by being consistently confronted with complaints, and personal affronts from customers. Furthermore Fineman S. (2003):164 describes the occurrence of organizational violence in the workplace as a failing in the ethnically opinions of entrepreneur and characterizes this form of bullying as follows, â€Å"It translates into practices that systematically cause danger, risk or exploitation to employees. Emotionally, the employer can feel indifferent, even derisory about its workers and their psychological or physical well-being: ‘there are always more out there’. The worker may feel equally indifferent but trapped in the job. † Actually frequent occurrence of such, as in the majority of cases irrelevant sensed incidents, leads to a growth of troubles and personal antipathy against fellow-workers and employers is growing until the straw that breaks the camel? s back and physically or psychological damages are the immediate consequences. As has been proved in an array of researches by organisations dealing with the problems of bullying and harassment in the workplace, like ACAS, bullying affects a company in a tremendous variety of ways. Hotel and Hospitality industry is a very people-intensive branch primarily composed of small businesses. According to ACSA a main impact of bullying is the increase in rates of absence, especially concerning small firms where cover for sick employees is difficult to arrange. The Chartered Institute of Personnel and Development (CIPD), Europe’s largest HR and development professional body, releases every year a survey report pointing out the consequences of days of absence. In 2009 the average in days of absence, concerning all business sectors, was 7. 4 days per employee per year. The amount in hotel and hospitality sector was below average with 6. 0 days per employee per year but in comparison between hotel and hospitality and other businesses, the average annual costs of absence per employee per year are superior. Relating to the CIPD the average annual costs of absence per employee per year, enfolding all business-sectors, are 692 pounds. In this area hotel and hospitality businesses are the tragic top of the table with 1199 pounds per employee per year. The survey also shows that stress (often a result of bullying) is the major cause for long-term absence. Other consequences of bullying, described by ACAS, are poor morale and poor employee relations, loss of respect for managers and supervisors, poor performance, lost productivity, resignations, damage to company reputation and tribunal and other court cases and payment of unlimited compensations. Taking a closer look on stress it is to say that in hotel and hospitality industry it is a necessity for employees to know how to handle stress because there will always be periods of strain. The big problem in coping stress is that no two people respond to the same stressor in the same way and this is the perfect point where management should intervene. According to Stranks (2005) different strategies can be considered in dealing with work-related stress, first of all it is important recognizing the evidence of stress which could manifest in sickness, alcoholism or decreasing motivation. A second strategy is to prevent stress through e. g. personal stress audits for employees to identify causes of stress, to monitor stress levels and to report and discuss stressful elements of work to identify the measures necessary at organizational level to alleviate the problem. A third way is to give employees the opportunity to develop a personal stress-tackling technique by providing training and education. Stranks (2005):113 in this point said that employees need advice on identifying their own personal stress response and the measures necessary to coping with it. † Advice to handle stress could be found from organisations like Health and Safety Executive (HSE) releasing handbooks for employees (2003, Tackling Work-Related Stress: A Guide for Employees) as well as for managers (2001, Tackling Work-Related Stress: A Manager’s Guide to improving and Maintaining Employee Health and Well-being). These strategies work very well as reported in many case studies e. g. on United Biscuits by HSE in 2007. The case study points out that United Biscuits benefited from taking action against stress in many ways. From 2005 to 2007 reports of work related stress cases decreased from 24 to 6 per year. Furthermore HRS mentions that each case where absence is prevented, it is estimated the cost of 4 weeks wages and other associated costs is saved. As a matter of fact it is a necessity to override bullying and its consequences by management to keep costs low and protect employees from physical or psychological injuries caused by bullying. As mentioned in ‘bullying and harassment at work’, an advisory booklet publicised by ACAS, the first step to provide a bully-free working environment is to set up a formal policy including a statement of commitment from management and acknowledgement that bullying and harassment are problems for the organisation. The policy could also comprise a clear statement that bullying and harassment is unlawful, that it will not be tolerated, that it may be treated as disciplinary offences and that decisions should not be taken on the basis or whether someone submitted to or rejected a particular instance of harassment. Furthermore the policy is to comprehend steps the organisation takes to prevent bullying, responsibilities of supervisors and managers and confidentiality for any complainant. The policy should involve grievance, investigation and disciplinary procedures with timescales for action. Another point should deal with protection from victimisation and the importance and possibility of training for managers to avoid bullying. Involving staff into the process of developing such a policy will help achieving additional authority. Such a policy is supported by Stale Einarsen (1999):23 in the international journal of manpower who said â€Å"If not being permitted or supported by the people in power, a bully knows he/she may find him/herself the victim of aggressive counter-attacks and severe punishment. † In reference to ACAS the second step is to set a good example in behaviour, like discussing problems and consult employees instead of a too authoritarian management style. A current negative example for this point is the discussion about Gordon Brown? s abusive treatment of staff. The Guardian (21. 2. 2010) advertised that several employees from Downing Street No. 10 contacted the National Anti-bullying Helpline which raises discussions about Mr. Browns management style. Mr. Brown is being denoted as a bully by employees including assertions that he swore at staff, grabbed them by lapels and shouted at them. Third step to deal with bullying and harassment as a manager is to maintain fair procedures for dealing promptly with complaints from employees by using clear grievance and disciplinary procedure described in the Employment Relations Act 1999. Fourth step is to set clear standards of behaviour, to provide training and information about how to deal with bullying and to communicate the organisation? s views on it. Fifth, make clear that complaints will be dealt with fairly, confidentially and sensitively. By following these five steps of ACAS it is getting a lot easier to provide a good working climate and satisfy employees. In conclusion bullying is a problem affecting all businesses with different strength, in different ways and with different consequences, but the reason for occurrence of bullying is the one constant in all companies. It all starts with recurring minor problems that aren’t recognized until they grow big, so discussing problems and communicate them will help companies save money and satisfy employees. By using a metaphor to describe bullying, the strength in which bullying affects humans as well as companies could be expressed as follows A single thunderous gust could disroot trees, but a permanent breeze transforms mountains into grains of sand.

Research Essay Ballast Water Environmental Sciences Essay

Research Essay Ballast Water Environmental Sciences Essay INTRODUCTION The proper control and management of ballast water from ships is now a major environmental challenge not only to the International Maritime Organization but also for the shipping industry worldwide. This problematic issue has led some countries to consider actions at the national level to establish regulations and criteria for the discharge of ballast water in areas under its jurisdiction. In this way, the IMO adopted in 2004 the International Convention for the Control and Management of Ship ´s Ballast Water and Sediments and several guidelines and resolutions. As the Convention previously mentioned has not yet entered into force, several states have taken unilateral action to prevent, minimize and ultimately eliminate the risks of the introduction to the marine environment of harmful aquatic organisms and pathogens from ballast water. Consequently, in 1998 the Argentine maritime authority approved Order No. 7-98 entitled Prevention of pollution by aquatic organisms in the ballast water of ships bound for Argentine ports in the estuary of the River Plate, which requires ships from overseas bound for Argentine ports in the estuary to discharge, change or treat their ballast water before entering a zone in which polluting activities are prohibited, which is located at the exterior limit of the River Plate. Even though Argentina is an IMO member state, for political reasons it has not signed the IMO Convention for Ballast Water. However, Argentina follows the IMO recommendations to create its own regulations in a standardized way, in order to avoid the negative impacts that ballast water discharge involves. This paper will analyze Argentina ´s national regulations and procedures for dealing with ballast water and determine the similarities and differences with the IMO recommendations. In addition, before analyzing this specific aspect, it is necessary to introduce the ballast water issue. First, the ballast water definition and its brief history. Second, this paper will describe the problems that ballast water implies. Third, the IMO responses in concordance with the international cooperation, regarding ballast water management and the assistance to developing countries, like Argentina, to reduce the entry of invasive species. Finally, this research will compare the Argentine legal framework with the international one; to be concluded with some suggestions and recommendations to improve this significant environmental problem. BALLAST WATER BACKGROUND What is Ballast Water? To understand the problems that ballast water imply, it is necessary to know the meaning of ballast water. According to the IMO Convention, ballast water means water with its suspended matter taken on board a ship to control trim, list, draught, stability or stresses of the ship. Ships are designed and constructed to sail carrying cargo such as oil, minerals, containers and so on. Consequently, if the ship travels without charge from one port and goes to the next port, the ballast must be on board to allow the vessel to operate efficiently and with safety. This includes keeping the ship at a depth sufficient to guarantee efficient operation of the propeller and rudder, and to avoid stress and strain on the hull, mainly in heavy seas, that could cause it to break or to sink the ship. Thousands of years ago, when ships began to be built, they carried solid ballast, such as rocks, sand or metal. However, since 1880, ships have used water as ballast, mainly because it is more affordable, it is much easier to load and unload and is, therefore, more effective and economical than the ballast solid (Ballast Water Defined, n.d.). As the figure 1 shows, when a ship is freed from its cargo, it is filled with water ballast. The water is distributed into the ballast tanks in the vessel. These tanks are strategically located depend on the vessel structure. They are usually located along the side and bottom of the hull. Ballast water is extracted through sea water intakes located in the side or vessel bottom, with the aid of feeding pumps for ballast or gravity. The seawater intakes are covered with grills or filters that prevent large foreign objects from entering the ships ballast tanks. However, many species are able to pass through the ship ´s water intake and pumps (The Issue, n.d.). Figure 1 Cross section of ships showing ballast tanks and ballast water cycle Note: Globallast Partnerships Retrieved from: http://globallast.imo.org/index.asp?page=problem.htmmenu=true C:Usersanalia soleda viggiaDesktopJING IMAGESBW.png The ballast water sediments are closely associated with ballast water. When ships charge ballast water, they also receive the solid material contained in the water. When this material enters into the ballast water tank, it sits in the bottom of the tank as sediment and the problem is that it can carry a variety of invasive species. Consequently, approximately 7,000 diverse invasive species could be transported into the ballast water tanks around the world. Many of these species may not survive during the ships ´ voyage. In the same way, other species are able to survive but when they are discharged in a place with different environmental conditions, they may die. However, several of the invasive species not only are able to survive but also find favourable conditions in the new environment to reproduce and to be a competitor or depredator of native species (The Issue, n.d.). BALLAST WATER PROBLEMS Invasive Species There are many problems in the ballast water discharge due to invasive species that are introduced in a new environment. These invasive species could be defined as species that have been introduced, intentionally or accidentally in a place, area or region where not found naturally. Other synonyms that are used to refer to invasive species are non-native species, non-indigenous species or invasive alien species (IAS) (Invasive species, n.d.). Furthermore, according to the IMO BW Convention, the invasive species are defined as: Aquatic organisms or pathogens which, if introduced into the sea including estuaries, or into fresh water courses, may create hazards to the environment, human health, property or resources, impair biological diversity or interfere with other legitimate uses of such areas. The problem involving invasive species is that after they have been introduced into a new geographic area, they are established and spread, which causes or may cause, damage to the environment, economies or the health of human beings (Invasive species, n.d.). Invasion Process The invasive process has three main steps: Introduction, establishment and propagation. 1 Introduction of the species: The species is introduced successfully in a new geographical area, intentionally or accidentally. This means that the species survives the voyage and is able to live in that area because the environmental conditions such as light, temperature, salinity, nutrients, among others, are adequate. 2 Establishment and reproduction of introduced species: Survivors persist and reproduce successfully, establishing a self-sustaining foundational population. 3 Propagation: The established population begins to spread, sometimes after a stationary period (or stationary stage) that could be for years and even decades. Then an explosive growth stage begins, this moment is when the new species becomes invasive (Invasive species, n.d.). Negative impacts The introduction of invasive species and their spread is recognized as a devastating issue in the affected environment because the damage that species cause to the local biodiversity could be irremediable. In this way, these complications in the environment imply also a negative impact in the economy of the affected area and to human health that is impaired by the invasive species ´ effects. In addition, all these negative impacts that invasive species produce in the environment, the economy and the human health are interrelated and influence each other (Ballast Water Management, n.d.). Ecological/ Environmental Negative ecological impacts happen when invasive species alter the local biodiversity of the area and/or ecological processes. While the initial impact may be insignificant and therefore, not detected; over time, as the population increases, also the severity of the effects increases. The most significant ecological impacts that invasive species cause in the environment are (The Ballast, 2002, p.8): Competing with native species for space and food. Preying upon native species. Altering habitat. Altering environmental conditions. Altering the food web and the overall ecosystem. Displacing native species, reducing native biodiversity and even causing local extinctions. Economic Invasive species can produce huge economic losses to society, whether in the form of direct economic impacts, such as loss of marine food production, or secondary economic impacts associated with the health of humans or ecological impact. For example, it is estimated that in the U.S., the cost associated with the control of invasive species is enormous. To clear Zebra Mussels were cost between US$750 and US$1 billion between 1989 and 2000. In general, the economic impacts include (The Ballast, 2002, p.10): Reductions in fisheries production (including collapse of the fishery) due to competition, predation or displacement of the fishery species by the invading species or through environmental changes caused by the invading species. Impacts on aquaculture (including closure of fish-farms), especially from introduced harmful algae blooms. Physical impacts on coastal infrastructure, facilities and industry, especially by fouling species. Reduction in the economy and efficiency of shipping due to fouling species. Impacts and even closure of recreational and tourism beaches and other coastal amenity sites due to invasive species (e.g. physical fouling of beaches and severe odors from harmful algae blooms). Secondary economic impacts from human health impacts of introduced pathogens and toxic species, including increased monitoring, testing, diagnostic and treatment costs, and loss of social productivity due to illness and even death in affected persons. Secondary economic impacts from ecological impacts and bio-diversity loss. The costs of responding to the problem, including research and development, monitoring, education, communication, regulation, compliance, management, mitigation and control costs. Human health Because of the continued transfers of ballast water, chances are high that ships carry microorganisms on a large scale. For instance, there is evidence that cholera epidemics can be directly related to the discharge of ballast water. While Vibrio cholera and other pathogens are normal elements of coastal waters, they are not usually present in concentrations high enough to cause health problems for humans. However, with the increase in global trade and vessels transiting between international ports, the transfer of microbes could well be the worst threat related to the discharge of ballast water. A clear example is the cholera epidemic that happened in Peru in 1991 because of ballast water discharge, affecting more than a million people and killing more than ten thousand. Another problem in the human health that ballast water implies is that ships could carry in the ballast tanks not only bacteria and viruses, but also a range of species of microalgae, including toxic species that may form harmful algae blooms or red tides' (The Ballast, 2002, p.13). This kind of algae causes shellfish poisoning, which can produce sever illness and death in humans. ARGENTINE CASE STUDY The invasive species introduced by ballast water have affected Argentine waters causing many negative impacts. For instance, since 1991, the Golden Mussel (Limnoperna fortunei) entered to Argentina through the River Plate into the ballast water tanks of Asian ships (Crosier, Molloy, n.d.). One of the complications that golden mussel causes is the damage in water intakes and water treatment plants, in which it is adhered. Consequently, the pipes are clogged, the water flow moves slowly and filters are clogged (macro-fouling) (Figure 2 and 3). Other disorders associated with the presence of this invasive bivalve are the rapidly changing in communities of organisms living on the bottom of water bodies (called benthic) and the displacement of indigenous species of mollusks. Figure 1 and 2 Golden Mussel Note: Para Nauticos Retrieved from: http://www.paranauticos.com/Notas/Tecnicas/Oceanografia/mejillon-dorado.htm C:Usersanalia soleda viggiaDesktopJING IMAGESGolden_Mussel.pngC:Usersanalia soleda viggiaDesktopJING IMAGESGolden_Mussel_002.png Furthermore, the Golden Mussel produces changes in the food chains of the environment, such as change of diet of vogue in the River Plate. In this case, this fish chooses the golden mussel as their main food, altering the normal ecosystem characteristics. On the other hand, the arrival of the invasive bivalve has economic negative effects that can be quantified by the value of the damage it causes, plus the costs of prevention and control tasks (Mirasso, n.d.). As a result of the Golden Mussel invasion in the River Plate, there are several negative impacts, such as in the human health, taking into account that the water consumed by people is that one that be affected by the Golden Mussel in the treatment plant. Moreover, other negative effects are ecological (because the environmental changes) and economics (due to the procedures used it to solve the problems that the bivalve produces). INTERNATIONAL MARITIME ORGANIZATION RESPONSES Since late 1980, the IMO has been actively engaged in trying to find a solution to the problem of ballast water. Initially, the IMO developed and published a set of guidelines in 1991, which were replaced in 1997 with Resolution A.868 (20) called Guidelines for the control and management of ship ´s ballast water to minimize the transfer of harmful aquatic organisms and pathogens. Subsequently, IMO began working on an international legal instrument that resulted in the adoption by consensus of the International Convention for the Control and Management of Ballast Water and Sediments in the Diplomatic Conference that was held at the IMO headquarters in London on February 13, 2004. This Convention will enter into force 12 months after ratification by 30 States, representing 35 per cent of world merchant shipping tonnage. The last IMO report of  August 31, 2011 shows that 35 States have ratified the Convention, representing 27.95% of world merchant shipping tonnage (Ballast Water Man agement, n.d.; Status of Conventions, 2012). Basically, the BWM Convention will require all ships to implement a Ballast Water and Sediments Management Plan; all ships will have to carry a Ballast Water Record Book and will be required to carry out standard ballast water management procedures. In addition, Parties to the Convention are given the option to take additional measures which are subject to criteria set out in the Convention and to IMO guidelines. These guidelines were created by the IMO Member States between 2005 and 2008 to facilitate the uniform implementation of the ballast water process. The mentioned guidelines are the following (BWM Guidelines, n.d.): Guidelines for sediment reception facilities (G1) (resolution MEPC.152(55)) Guidelines for ballast water sampling (G2) (resolution MEPC.173(58)) Guidelines for ballast water management equivalent compliance (G3) (resolution MEPC.123(53)) Guidelines for ballast water management and development of ballast water management plans (G4) (resolution MEPC.127(53)) Guidelines for ballast water reception facilities (G5) (resolution MEPC.153(55)) Guidelines for ballast water exchange (G6) (resolution MEPC.124(53)) Guidelines for risk assessment under regulation A-4 of the BWM Convention (G7) (resolution MEPC.162(56)) Guidelines for approval of ballast water management systems (G8) (resolution MEPC.174(58)) Procedure for approval of ballast water management systems that make use of Active Substances (G9) (resolution MEPC.169(57)) Guidelines for approval and oversight of prototype ballast water treatment technology programmes (G10) (resolution MEPC.140(54)) Guidelines for ballast water exchange design and construction standards (G11) (resolution MEPC.149(55)) Guidelines on design and construction to facilitate sediment control on ships (G12) (resolution MEPC.150(55)) Guidelines for additional measures regarding ballast water management including emergency situations (G13) (resolution MEPC.161(56)) Guidelines on designation of areas for ballast water exchange (G14) (resolution MEPC.151(55)) Guidelines for ballast water exchange in the Antarctic treaty area (resolution MEPC.163(56)) However, the most relevant IMO recommendation regarding ballast water is the before mentioned Resolution A.868 (20) Guidelines for the control and management of ship ´s ballast water to minimize the transfer of harmful aquatic organisms and pathogens. This Resolution was adopted on 27 November 1997 not as a solution to the ballast water issue but as a tool to minimize the risks caused by invasive species. Also, it asked countries to cooperate with this issue, applying the resolution itself and any other necessary measures. First, the Resolution A.868 (20) establishes several indications both to port States and ships. Beginning with the port States, they should inform the IMO of specific requirements that they have such as regulations, specific zones, standards and exemptions, in order that IMO can distribute this information and in this way, the ships could obtain each country ´s requirements prior to their arrival at port. Other information that the port States should pass on to IMO is the results of inspections and analyses of samples of ballast water tanks. In addition, the port States should have adequate reception and treatment facilities in their ports for safe disposal of ballast tank sediments. Second, according to the Resolution, the ships should have a specific ballast water management plan including safe and effective procedures during the charge and discharge of ballast water. All ships should record each discharge, mention at least dates; geographical location; ship ´s tanks and cargo holds; ballast water temperature and salinity; amount of ballast water loaded or discharged. Additionally, the ships should follow precautionary practices such as avoiding taking ballast water in darkness, shallow water or where propellers may stir up sediments. Also, they should avoid unnecessary discharge of ballast water. The ballast water exchange process could be done in deep water, in open ocean, as far as possible from shore or where the port State authorizes. In case of using pumping systems, the water should be pumped through the tank at least three times. Third, the Resolution takes into account future considerations in relation to ballast water exchange. This means that the measures could be revised and adjusted according to new technologies or developments. In addition, this document has two appendices. Appendix 1 is the Ballast Water Reporting Form to be provided by ships to port State Authority upon request. Appendix 2 is the Guidance of safety aspects of Ballast Water Exchange at sea. This appendix mentions the safety measures (stability, weather conditions, and stress on the hull, among others) and two recognized methods: Sequential method, in which ballast tanks are pumped out and refilled with clean water; and Flow-through method, in which ballast tanks are simultaneously filled and discharged by pumping in clean water. Finally, the Resolution establishes the necessity of crew training and familiarization regarding the ballast water management plan, ballast water methods, pumping system and recording the information required concerning ballast water loading and discharge. This point is very important because conscience and compromise about the ballast water risk, not only from the crew members but also from the port States, are the first steps to minimize the introduction of invasive species. The IMO not only carries its own efforts to solve the ballast water problem, but also it has been supporting the international cooperation among countries in order to achieve a common solution, and to help developed countries to implement the necessary measures to avoid invasive species and to implement the Ballast Water Convention. In this way, one of the most important programs under the IMO auspices is the GloBallast Patnership that it will be developed in more detail in the next section. INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION International cooperation is essential to prevent the transferences of invasive species. This means that it is necessary joint cooperation among states, the maritime community, shipping companies and non-governmental organizations, in order to prevent, reduce and control human caused pollution of the marine environment, including the intentional or accidental introduction of harmful or alien species to a particular part of the marine environment. (Ballast Water Management, n.d.). In this way, since 2000 the IMO has been working with United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) and the Global Environment Facility (GEF) to deal with the introduction of invasive species from ships ´ ballast water in new environments. In order to confront this issue with an international effort, these organizations initiated the Global Programme of Ballast Water Management to avoid obstacles to the effective implementation of control measures and ballast water management in developing countries (GloBallast Partnership). This is a comprehensive technical cooperation program for help developing countries to (GloBallast, n.d.): à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Reduce the transfer of harmful organisms from ballast water of ships. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Implement the IMO guidelines on ballast water. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Prepare for the implementation of the Ballast Water Convention of IMO (which was still in negotiations at that time). à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Develop mechanisms for sustainability and reforms at national level. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Promote regional coordination and cooperation. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Develop new technologies and exchange of information among governments measures. The GloBallast Partnership is divided into phases. The first phase was initiated in 2000 and finished in 2004. The second phase was initiated in 2007 and continuous running during this year. This second phase aims to build on the progress achieved in the original project. It will focus on national policy, legal and institutional reforms in developing countries with particular emphasis on integrated management. The approach includes: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Build on the achievements and use the skills and knowledge acquired in the first phase; à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Repeat best practices and technical activities to promote national policy reforms. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Support countries particularly vulnerable and high environmental sensitivity in their efforts to adopt legal reforms and to implement the Convention on Ballast Water Management. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Promote collaboration with industry to facilitate the successful transfer of new technologies from developed to developing countries (GloBallast Partnerships, n.d.). Consequently, Argentina participated in the GloBallast Partnership Program and this year the Argentine Coast Guard was designated as the focal point to represent Argentina to International Organizations in this Program. In order to assist with other nations in the world particularly vulnerable countries regarding the introduction of invasive species and pathogens through ballast water of ships, to fortify political and legal aspects (Environmental Protection, 2012). ARGENTINE LEGAL FRAMEWORK The BWM Convention was opened to signature from 01 June 2004 to 31 May 2005. Eight countries including Argentina signed the instrument subject to ratification. Until now Argentina has not ratified the Convention because it still remains in the Congress to analyze. However, this situation does not mean that Argentina does not support the fight against invasive species incoming from the ships ´ ballast water. On the contrary, Argentina was a pioneer in this issue. In 1998 the Argentine maritime authority approved Ordinance No. 7-98 entitled Prevention of pollution by aquatic organisms in the ballast water of ships bound for Argentine ports in the estuary of the River Plate, which obliges ships from overseas bound for Argentine ports in the estuary to discharge, change or treat their ballast water before entering a zone in which polluting activities are prohibited, which is located at the outer limit of the River Plate. On December 1999, this national regulation was submitted to the I MO through MEPC 44/4/2, in order to be distributed among the states. In the same way, Ordinance No. 12-98 entitled Special Protection Areas on the Argentine Coast was submitted to the IMO. This Ordinance established twelve special protection areas, where among other prohibitions, it is forbidden to discharge ballast water, even if treated in some way, unless it has been exchanged for water taken within 150 miles from the outer limit of the area concerned. Both regulations were made by the Environmental Protection Department of the Argentine Coast Guard (Prefectura Naval Argentina). This Department is in charge of all the issues related to environmental protection. Within this Department is found the Scientific Research Division that works with specialists such as biologists, and this group is continuously conducting research about ballast water and the impact in the environment. In this way, they confirmed with several studies that three species of freshwater bivalves that have been found in the River Plate (Corbicula fluminea, Corbicula largillierti, and Linmoperna fortune, known as Golden Mussel) originating from the estuaries of south-east Asia, and that they had entered via the discharge from ships from that region, to which bulk cereals had been exported from Argentina. Considering that the River Plate is the gateway of the export/import activity of Argentina, it was necessary that this national regulation be applicable and mandatory both for national ships and foreign flagged ships. This last consideration was possible because Argentina submitted the Ordinance to IMO and then it was distributed among the states. Several of the Ordinance requirements are similar to the IMO Resolution A. 868 (20), because it was made based on this last one. For instance, as the Resolution, the Ordinance has a final annex including Guidance on Safety Aspects of Ballast Water Exchange at Sea and Crew Training and Familiarization. Other similarity appears in the ship-shore communication and the methods admitted by both regulations. However, some requirements are specific to the Ordinance, such as sealing ballast tanks or pumping control valves and the exigency of salinity levels. Furthermore, the Ordinance does not have many requirements included in the Resolution, such as the port states procedures or the Ballast Water Reporting Form. The Ordinance No. 7-98 Prevention of pollution by aquatic organisms in the ballast water of ships bound for Argentine ports in the estuary of the River Plate establishes that all ships that navigate along the River Plate shall exchange ballast water avoiding the prohibited zone of polluting actions located in front of the external limit of the River Plate. Another requirement is the radio electric communication that ships must make with the Vessel Traffic Services of the River Plate (CONRASE) informing them of the ballast water exchange or ballast retention on board. In case of exchange, they must indicate position, amount of water discharged, exchanged or retained on board and method applied for the ballast water exchange. According to this Ordinance, the methods admitted by Argentine Coast Guard are: Total deballasting and reballasting (like the Sequential Method indicated in the Resolution A. 868 (20)), Flow-through (the same as in the IMO Resolution) and Overflow (it is similar to the flow-through method, but pumping water for a time and making it overflow from the top of tank). In case of considering new methods, these should be approved by the IMO. Some methods admitted as a complement are: Filtering systems, oxidizing and non-oxidizing biocides, thermal techniques, electric pulses and plasma pulses, ultraviolet treatment, acoustic systems, magnetic field, deoxidation, biological techniques and anti-adherent coatings. Furthermore, the Ordinance allows Coast Guard members to seal ballast tanks and pumps to control valves of ships, to be sure that they would not discharge the water on the way to Argentine Ports. Also the officers may take samples of the contents of ballast tanks, pipes and pumps to control the presence of invasive species and water salinity. In case that the water salinity is below 30mg/cm3, the ship would be not be allowed to enter into the River Plate because this water quality means that the ship exchanged ballast water very near the River Plate without taking into account the requirements of the Ordinance. Finally, Argentina tries to arrive at a ballast water solution with its own national regulations. However, this is not enough because, since the adoption of the Ordinance No.7-98, many cases of new invasive species have happened, not only in the River Plate but also in the Argentine south where it does not exists any particular regulation, referent to ballast water. For example, the Golden Mussel (Limnoperna fortunei) that entered through the River Plate, affecting this complete zone until Brazil or the Wakame seaweed (Undaria pinnatifida) that invaded Puerto Madryn (a southern Argentine province) causing economic losses because this place is a touristic beach where people make activities like scuba diving but since this seaweed has invaded this place it is impossible to practice this activity. This is a shortcoming in the Argentine regulation because the Ordinance No.7-98 only contemplates the River Plate but not the others ports of entry at the country, mainly in southern Argentina . On the other hand, the Argentine regulation does not contain any reference to the International Convention for the Control and Management of Ships ´ Ballast Water and Sediments because both instruments are not contemporary; the Ordinance was made six years previously. CONCLUSION The introduction of invasive species is a ballast water problem that involves the majority of the countries in which the trade is made by ships. Nowadays, most of the ships in the world fleet effectively carry ballast water and, therefore, would need to manage ballast water as part of their operations. The ecological, economic and human health impacts of invasive species are significantly severe for each country or region affected. Ballast water transfers and aquatic invasive species are perhaps the biggest environmental challenge facing the global shipping industry this century. For this reason, the problem of ballast water and invasive species must be addressed on an international basis involving cooperation between all countries and the shipping and port industries because the ships are involved in the international trade around the world; the port states are linked to receive and to c

One Of The Latest Buzzwords Tourism Essay

One Of The Latest Buzzwords Tourism Essay One of the latest buzzwords that have come into general usage in the world of tourism is that of Integrated Resorts. Over the last two decades, a number of large tourist integrated resorts have been developed around the world, many of which have become highly popular holiday destinations. The growth in tourism generated by these integrated resorts has brought significant economic and social benefits to their respective countries, including increased foreign exchange earnings, direct and indirect employment. In addition, the resorts development has stimulated local and regional development, encouraging new local industries and international trade. The success of these integrated resorts can be largely attributed to the adoption of an integrated approach to their development, caretirl planning and implementation that took into consideration regional environmental, economic and socio-cultural factors. This kind of approach helps minimise environmental, socio-economic and marketing probl ems often associated with uncontrolled tourism development. The development of integrated resorts has grown rapidly over the last two decades also as a reaction to the proliferation of unplanned beach resorts. On the supply side, many governments have increasingly turned to integrated resort developments in an attempt to improve the well-being of the local population by generating iobs and increasing income, and private investors have seen integrated resorts as a way to maximise their profits, while on the demand side, statistics are not available on the relative proportion of tourist demand for integrated resorts. In the context of globalisation and widening international tourist markets, it is acknowledged that integrated resorts offer great opportunities to visitors for leisure, recreation and sports, but due to the difficulty in assessing the impacts that may result from the construction of an integrated resort, as plans for integrated resorts are developed by consultancy iiirms and private investors that rarely publish or divulge their secrets before resort operation, most research has been conducted only after the construction of integrated resorts. The notion of integrated resorts came into plrominence in Mauritius after the successful approval ofthe environmental impact assessment report and construction of Tamarina Golf, Spa and Beach Club that is the first integrated resort in Mauritius. 1.1 Tourism Industrv in Mauritius Mauritius has considerable natural advantages as a holiday destination such as beautiful coral beaches, warm clear lagoons, colouriixl reefs, picturesque mountains, a subtropical climate, a southern hemisphere location, an atmosphere that is exotically different, yet safe and stable, and people who are friendly and welcoming. These Advantages have been exploited with attractive well run hotels with good amenities, direct and reliable air services, efficient supporting infrastructure and effective marketing as an up-market quality destination. It is therefore hardly surprising that tourist arrivals have been rising by more than 8 percent a year and the tourism industry has become one of the most dynamic sectors of the economy, accounting for 19 per cent of gross export earnings and providing employment directly and indirectly for about 50,000 people. However, there are problems. Average spending per visitor has not been going up as fast as hoped, and there have been some signs of adverse reactions at tourist numbers and behaviour. Infrastructure constraints have developed in the form of congestion at peak times at the airport and inadequate efiluent treatment leading to deterioration in water quality in some of the lagoons_ In the longer term, there will be more general environmental constraints, in the form of limits to the capacity for absorbing ever increasing numbers of visitors in a small densely populated country with a finite length of beaches and a sensitive coastal ecology. It will be necessary in fixture to place a ceiling on the number of tourists in order to protect the environment and, indeed, the fixture of the tourism industry itself Mauritius has been very successful in attracting foreign direct investment (FDI) in the 197Os. However there has been a decline in the growth of FDI since the mid-19S0s, particularly i n the manufacturing sector. However, FDI growth has started to pick up again since 2005, led by the tourism sector, particularly the Integrated Resort Scheme as illustrated below. Foreign Direct Investment by Sector, 2003-2007 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 (USD million) Export Processing Zone 2.7 8.7 3.6 2.8 2.2 Tourism 3.4 4.2 18.2 83.0 144.0 Banking 46.0 10.9 15.4 111.0 70.0 Telecommunications 0 1.3 5 _ 9 1 .4 0. 5 Other 16.8 37.8 52.0 30.7 64.3 Total 68.9 62.9 95.1 228.9 281.0 As illustrated above, tourism has proved to be a credible alternative source of foreign currency earnings. However the country will not be able to cope with a policy of mass tourism which is unsustainable. Also the characteristic of the country, which is a Small Island Developing States (SIDS) facing special disadvantages associated with small size, insularity, remoteness and proneness to natural disasters, limits the prospect of tourism development. Hence since the economy of the country is highly vulnerable and the totnism industry having reached its carrying capacity, therefore sustainable tourism development is very instrumental. Mauritius has therefore resorted to the rejuvenation of its tourism life cycle, as this is nearing or has reached the stagnation stage, through the development of an alternative luxurious product known as Integrated Resort, as illustrated below. This good mix of tourism and real estate development has been high on governmentsagenda and has led to governments intervention in the tourism sector with the twin objective of tourism rejuvenation and FDI increase. 1.2 Aims of study The development of the tourism industry in Mauritius has been considered as an important economic diversification tool for the nation. Realizing the importance of the tourism industry in the economic development of Mauritius, government has initiated the Integrated Resort Scheme. Therefore the aim of this dissertation is primarily to conduct an investigation regarding development and impacts of integrated resort in Mauritius. 1.3 Objectives of study This study purports to investigate the anticipated and current socio-economic and environmental impacts of integrated resorts in the Mauritian context. In particular, this study will aim to achieve the following objectives: To investigate the context of integrated resort development and its aims and objectives in the development of Mauritius tourism. To know the criticisms about the initiation of integrated resort in Mauritius. To determine the positive impact of integrated resort in terms of society, economy and environment of Mauritius. To know the negative impact of integrated resorts in terms of society, economy and environment of Mauritius. To recommend guidelines for sustainable integrated resort development and minimizing negative impacts of integrated resort development. This good mix of tourism and real estate development has been high on governmentsagenda and has led to governments intervention in the tourism sector with the twin objective of tourism rejuvenation and FDI increase. 1.2 Aims of study The development of the tourism industry in Mauritius has been considered as an important economic diversification tool for the nation. Realizing the importance of the tourism industry in the economic development of Mauritius, government has initiated the Integrated Resort Scheme. Therefore the aim of this dissertation is primarily to conduct an investigation regarding development and impacts of integrated resort in Mauritius. 1.3 Objectives of study This study purports to investigate the anticipated and current socio-economic and environmental impacts of integrated resorts in the Mauritian context. In particular, this study will aim to achieve the following objectives: 0 To investigate the context of integrated resort development and its aims and objectives in the development of Mauritius tourism. 0 To know the criticisms about the initiation of integrated resort in Mauritius. 0 To determine the positive impact of integrated resort in terms of society, economy and environment of Mauritius. 0 To know the negative impact of integrated resorts in terms of society, economy and environment of Mauritius. 0 To recommend guidelines for sustainable integrated resort development and minimising negative impacts of integrated resort development. Chapter 2 REVIEW OF LITERATURE 2.1 Tourism Impact Mauritius has built its successful up market tourism sector on a fragile and vulnerable natural resource. The growth of the tourist industry in an unplanned manner has led to the following negative impacts:  » High volume tourism has made an enormous impact on parts of the coast. There are plenty of examples of virtually every imaginable type of tourism impact on the environment, including the destruction of coastal wetlands and other sensitive environments, organic pollution and coastal erosion for example. Flic en Flac. 0 There are problems associated with monitonng and auditing due to institutional weaknesses. Most casual tourists bring their own equipment and are relatively self-contained, thus bringing in minimal cash into the country while making a large impact on the enviromnent for example tourists from Reunion and other islands of the Indian Ocean. y 2.2 Tourism Environmental Impacts The natural environment is under increasing threat hom unmanaged human activities, and in assessing the impacts of tourism, it is essential to adopt a holistic view that recognises both the direct and indirect consequences of tourism activities and their intrinsic link with other sectors (Glenn Kreag 2001). Growth in the tourism sector may generate new impacts on the coastal zone but also raise the intensity of existing impacts by placing additional burdens on resources that are already overextended. For this is a feature of human settlement and not just of tomism. However, where this is exacerbated by a significant increase in the number of visitors and people employed within the industry, the tourism sector must take responsibility for providing solutions to the causes of environmental degradation. The major environmental impacts identified and theiR direct consequences on tourism development as well as impacts associated with activities that support the tourism sector are highligh ted as: * Water Resources and River Ecosystem * Estuaries and Wetlands * Soil Erosion and Sedimentation * Waste Disposal and Pollution * Coastal Erosion * Marine Resources * Recreational Activities 2.3 Tourism Economic Impact In the developing world, economic impacts frequently outweigh other considerations when it comes to tourism development. The need for foreign exchange and the ease by which the industry can be developed relative to other sectors, makes tourism development a national priority (Glenn Kreag 2001), It is therefore important to have a clear understanding of the tourism industr`ys economic impacts, particularly because not all of them are positive. These impacts are the primary impacts, employment opportunities, impacts on the labour force, inflation and the availability of essential resources and over-reliance on tourism. 2.4 Classification of Impact There are several ways of looking at economic impacts. The following classification of impacts reflects the multi-sectoral nature oftourism: Primary Impacts arise from the inflow of foreign cash as a result of visitor expenditure. They are fairly well recorded by banks and businesses such as airlines, hotels and restaurants. They are relatively easy to measure. Secondary Impacts arise when the currency inflows penetrate to other sectors. This happens when the tourism industry passes some of its business on to other businesses, for instance, when an airline company contracts to provide on-board meals. Wages earned by people involved in sport services also fall into this category. Tertiary effects arise when currency flows are not the result of tourist expenditure, but when the practise of tourism led to other opportunities. For instance, a filmmaker on holiday in Mauritius may decide to use that country as the venue for his or her next film. Or a tourist may be so enchanted with the sandy beaches and blue lagoons of Mauritius that he or she buys a bungalow. From the above, it can be seen that the total economic impact of tourism is very hard to calculate indeed, but it would be wise to commission a thorough analysis of the tourism industry results. For instance, the high percentage of foreign workers in the tourism industry results in wages ending up going to their home countries which reduces the net benefit to the host Country. 2.5 Tourism Social and Cultural Impacts The socio-cultural impacts of tourism are basically the consequences of either the development of the tourism industry or the presence of the tourists (and the characteristics of the tourist-host relationship) (Sharpley 1994). The table below contains a comprehensive list of these impacts, following the classification adapted from Pizam Milman (1984), and Burdge (1994). The social and cultural impacts of tourism can be vast, and unfortunately many of them are negative. They include: 0 An intrusion of western culture into the host population. The tendency is often for local people to try to emulate westem consumerism. In new destinations, local populations are often not aware that many tourists work hard most of the year and then take time off for leisure. Instead, the tourists appear to have a lifestyle that is only enviable and the temptation to mimic them in terms of- dress or personal assets such as watches, sunglasses, etc, is great. 0 Value systems may be eroded, particularly in poor areas where tourists can be seen as an opportunity to make a fast buck. This may lead to theft prostitution, and sometimes violent crimes. Local customs are often not respected by tourists who may be unaware or insensitive to them. It is critically important that the government and other role players make tourists aware of such issues; Valuable cultural artefacts are olten bought by tourists, and shipwrecks are regularly plundered. The table below show some of the main impact of tourism on a country IDIPACTS IDF TOUllISlI Positive Negative Impacts on population Population increase (immigration, no emigration) Immigration of seasonal workforce (positive in case of lack of labour negative in case of unemployment) Presence of second home owners (positive if involved in community life negative if not involved) Changes in population distribution (by age, sex, race, ethnicity) Urbanisation of population Changes in labour market New jobs Seasonal jobs New types of jobs in tourism Unskilled jobs Increased value of knowledge, language Lack of labour in traditional sectors skills Economic diversification Increased economic inequality Stimulation of underdeveloped regions I Changes in community structure, characteristics Income from tourism Increase in the number of temporary residents (not very committed) Growing importance of service sector i Conflicts with second home owners Stimulation of social, cultural life Difficulties in acquiring real estate Increase in the value of land Increase in real estate prices s Development of infrastructure Increase in prices, intlation Wider opportunity for shopping Loss tiw Improvement in the destination image Transformation of value systems Increase in residents pride in their Religious conflicts settlement l (with second home owners, with tourists) Decrease of prejudices, disappearance of Overdependence on tourism stereotypes, increase in tolerance Congestion Traiiic problems Transformation of social stratification (owners of totuist resources rise, owners of traditional resources fell) Impacts on individual and family level Increase in social mobility i Disruption of social networks p (especially among the young and women) i Improvement in leisure opportunities Changes in the rhythm of life _ Meeting new people, wider social Loss of importance of liiendship Improvement in the quality of life Increase in perception of danger (due to increased criminality) Language skills Xenophobia Income hom totuism Commercialised hospitality Improvement in attitudes toward work, Deviant behaviours (alcoholism, politeness, manners prostitution, I gambling, drug abuse vandalism) Local language suppressed Increased sexual permissiveness Transformation of family structure Transformation of consumer habits Changes in housing conditions Transformation of behaviour (demonstration effect) Impacts on cultural and natural resources Protection of rare resoufces of Disappearance of local habits, traditions outstanding beauty Revival of local arts, crafts, cultLual Commercialisatknl of culture events Revival of local architectural traditions Littering, pollution 2.6 Conception and Development of Integrated Resort in Mauritius Mauritius has during recent years been facing serious economic problems owing to the need to comply with free trade agreements and globalisation. This has severely affected sugar and textile exports, two major pillars of the natio al economy, and consequently our balance of payment. Despite serious economic problems, Mauritius has succeeded in realising a remarkable economic transformation due to a diversified economy resting on other pillars like financial and business services sector and that of tourism, hospitality and property development. Hence the development of the Integrated Resort Scheme can be seen as an economic strategy. As a national strategy the Mauritian government has come along with the introduction of the IRS under the Investment Promotion Act 2000 through the Investment Promotion (Integrated Resort Scheme) Regulations 2002 in order to boost up foreign direct investment which is a necessary component in the fight to compensate for the decrease in sugar and textile income inflow. This has been a strategic attempt with the twofold objective, firstly to attract more foreign direct investment and secondly to strike a more favourable balance of payment. Hence recently Hospitality and Property Development have emerged, attracting substantial investment fiom both local and foreign investors under Investment Promotion Regulations 2007 which promotes the Real Estate Development Scheme comprising of IRS and RES (Real Estate Scheme) projects which are expected to be implemented in the next few years. The objective of the Integrated Resort Scheme (IRS) is to attract mainly high net-worth non-citizens into Mauritius by allowing them to acquire luxury villas of international standing and at the same time providing high-class amenities and facilities including golf course, marina, individual swimming pool, catering, nautical and other sport facilities and health centre within the boundaries of the integrated resort area. The acquisition of a villa for residential purposes by a foreigner under the Scheme will allow the foreigner his family to reside in Mauritius as long as he holds the property. Whilst the Investment Promotion Act 2000 expresses governments political will to expand the economic sector by creating the Board of Investment, the Business Facilitation (Miscellaneous Provisions) Act 2006 enhances business opportunities towards IRS projects. The Investment Promotion Act 2000 and Investment Promotion Regulations 2007 provide the legal framework for guidelines with regard to the implementation of these projects. The Finance Act 2007 introduced amendme ts to the following Acts of Parliament in order to regulate the promotion, implementation and marketing of IRS projects in Mauritius: 0 Investment Promotion Act 0 Land (Duties and Taxes) Act 0 Morcellement Act 0 Non-Citizens (Property Restriction) Act 0 Registration Duty Act  » Sugar Industry Efiiciency Act 2001 0 Environment Protection Act 2002 Here under is a list of IRS projects currently being implemented: Solares at Flic en Flac, Villas Valriche, Les Villas Telfair, Les Salines, La Balise Marina, Domaine de lHarmonie, Barachois villas and River Club. A few other projects have received their letter of approval recently and upon compliance to conditions laid down they will receive their IRS certificates. In some other cases the Environment Impact Assessment (EIA) report, which analyses the environmental, biophysical and social impact of a proposed development, is being scrutinised in order to ensure that the proposed development is sustainable. The Integrated Resort Scheme provides:  » for the development of luxury residential units of international standing on freehold land of more than 10 hectares to be sold at a price exceeding USD 500,000  » high-class leisure and commercial amenities and facilities intended to enhance the residential units. These may include but not limited to, golf course, marina, nautical and other sport facilities, shopping mall, restaurant and wellness centre. 0 day-to-day management services such as security, maintenance, gardening, solid waste disposal and household services have to be provided to the residents. 0 for a social contribution in terms of social amenities, community development and other facilities for the benefit of the neighbouring community where the IRS project is implemyed/ However the following conditions concerning the eligibility for the acquisition of residential property from an IRS Company have to be complied with: (a) a non-citizen of Mauritius (b) a citizen of Mauritius (c) a company registered as a foreign company under the Companies Act 2001 (d) a company incorporated under the Companies Act 2001 (e) a Socià ©tà ©, where its deed of formation is deposited with the Registrar of Companies (l) a trust, where the trusteeship services are provided by a qualified trustee licensed by the Financial Services Commission It is instrumental to examine the importance and justification of the IRS in Mauritius liom a scientific point of view. Integrated resorts initiatives and development can be primarily viewed from the macro-economic perspective of foreign capital inflow (FDI) where as on the other hand they can be explained from the perspective of the market failure concept which has necessitated the rejuvenation process of the resort cycle in Mauritius. The strong linkages of tourism and IRS with other economic sectors should be the key in realising that tourism and new products are a powerful factor for economic growth and employment. This can clearly be seen by the nature of tourism and permanent residence needs, that is to say, as an industry it calls for goods and services such as: transportation, food, fuel, water and electricity, crafts, tour services, entertainment, communication, etc. These linkages have always had a positive economic impact in Mauritius. Of coLuse tourism and HKS development not only benefit the private sector but contribute significantly to government revenues in the form of sales, business, corporate, personal, departure and of course, import levies. 2.7 The Rationale for Government Intervention in Mauritius Tourism Sector Continuing globalization of competition has given confirmation to the market-oriented view entertained by the Mauritian government which justifies its intervention in the tourism sector by creating the integrated resort scheme to favour our export oriented strategy. It is believed that markets should be given primacy in the production and distribution of goods and services while government should provide the proper institutional infrastructure for markets to function properly. In cases of ket failure government should intervene to correct any imperfection and intervention is also justified because the more important the sector is to the economy, the greater intervention should be in order to ensure socially compatible objectives that foster sustainable development. The public sector can exercise varying degree of influence over the direction of tourism development by acting on both the demand side and supply side (Akehurst et al, 1994). In Mauritius the demand management policies and the management of its supply side must be seen to go in pair with governments macro-stabilization policy in an attempt to reach a state of equilibrium. Micro policies have to be endorsed to make markets function better. Govemmenfs political structure and the functioning of rivate institutions have to go in pair as well, Barriers and rigidities should be removed so that new projects like integrated resort development could function more efficiently. Without appropriate macro-economic policies market-oriented projects in the tourism sector will have to struggle for survival. Thus the role of government in ensuring a better economic climate is of vital importance to improve returns in the lCOl1I`lSII1 Sà ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬CfO!` The Mauritian government had taken actions to correct market failure in the economic and tourism sector by rntroducrng the integrated resort development that is the integrated resort scheme Market failure arises from a situation where the riee market does not guarantee environmental protection and community involvement rn development process Since the tourism sector rn Mauritius rs not an integrated

Periodic Self-Assessment Essay -- Psychology

As an aspiring clinical health psychologist, I realize increasingly the value of self-analysis. Conducting periodic self-assessment is a healthy activity as I evaluate my current state and where I want to be. Clinical health psychologists expend emotional and physical energy as they help others. Sometimes the daily strain of the job and stress that accompany the job can exhaust the clinical health psychologist both mentally and physically. Professionals cannot provide for clients if their own needs are not being met. Counselors of all theoretical orientations identify their own engagement in personal therapy with another professional as one of the most critical components to maintain their own professional balance and effectiveness (Orlinsky, Schofield, Schroder, & Kazantzis, 2011). The personal dispositions and behaviors that affect my mental and physical health are obvious. First, I have a tendency to be task oriented. This is a great quality when I am working on a doctorate, but is not always good for relaxing and enjoying time with my family. Second, my mind never seems to turn off. Sometimes, I become very engaged with difficult clients as I attempt to help them work through their difficulties and solve their problems. While my level of engagement is not inappropriate and I do not feel as though I have to fix the client, the level of expended emotional energy may not be appropriate outside of a session. Both of these personal attributes can create stress in my professional and private life. Additionally, my husband and I have six children. The oldest has mental health issues and although she lives alone, there are daily phone calls and regular emergency room visits when the medication levels are unbalanced. My youngest i... ... discuss my policy with them. To me, the questions I ask when considering any kinds of self-disclosure are (1) does this help my client, (2) can this harm my client, and (3) what are the negative repercussions that could come from disclosure? Because self-disclosure is rarely beneficial to a client, the answer to these three questions is usually â€Å"no.† References Orlinsky, D. E., Schofield, M. J., Schroder, T., & Kazantzis, N. (2011). Utilization of personal therapy by psychotherapists: a practice-friendly review and a new study. Journal Of Clinical Psychology, 67(8), 828-842. doi:10.1002/jclp.20821 Taylor, L., McMinn, M. R., Bufford, R. K., & Chang, K. T. (2010). Psychologists’ attitudes and ethical concerns regarding the use of social networking web sites. Professional Psychology: Research And Practice, 41(2), 153-159. doi:10.1037/a0017996