Postmodern Frame Essay - Text in Art Essay Example for Free

Postmodern Frame Essay Text in fine art EssayThe office of text within to the visual arts can be traced digest as far as the inscribed carvings found on cave walls created by the endemic population of Australia approximately 46000 years ago. However, over the past few years, the use of text in art, also known as the art of typography, has become a frequent means of communication for artists in the creation of their works. Text within art can be projected, scrawled, painted, computerised and carved to the point that a work may be created of nothing but linguistic process. The art of typography is the technique of arranging type in such a way that makes language visible. It treats fonts as one-on-one entities to be enjoyed by the listening. Some artists deal with language as a character on its own as opposed to a surface to attractor upon. These artists place texts in ways that atomic number 18 intended to stimulate the way an reference perceives a work, to evoke emoti on or to create a statement.However, others, in ill-tempered graphic designers, tend to focus on the decorative powers of text. Regardless of the artists intentions, the appearance of text within art can shift our wonderment of their sound and meaning. Artists that explore text in art include Barbara Kruger, Yukinori Yanagi, Katarzyna Kozyra, Jenny Holzer, Wenda Gu, Shirin Neshat, Miriam Stannage, Colin McCahon and Jenny Watson. Artists such as Jenny Holzer, Wenda Gu and Shirin Neshat explore the cultural implications of language in art and the importance of language to identity through the inclusion of text that reflect a postmodern concern with the way we receive reproduction in our present-day(a) society. Jenny Holzer is an American abstract artist who belongs to the feminist branch of artists that emerged during the 1980s. Originally an abstract painter and printmaker, Holzer became heavily interested in conceptual art and began creating works using text.The introduction of text within Holzers work occurred gradually however, over time, they have entirely replaced images. These works are unremarkably displayed in widely viewed, public areas. Holzers works typically deal with the idea of communication. She is highly aware of the power of words and the power of the media and therefore has a focus on the ability of language to distort or manipulate truths. I was drawn to writing because it was possible to be very explicit somewhat things. If you have crucial issues, burning issues, its good to say exactly whats right and wrong about them, and then perhaps to show a way that things could be helped. So, it seemed to make sense to write because then you could just say it no painting seemed perfect. In particular, I didnt want to be a narrative painter, which maybe would have been one solution for someone wanting to be explicit. Jenny Holzer.Through the use of text in art, Holzer is fitted to transmit powerful environmental, social and political mess ages that reveal beliefs and myths and show biases and inconsistencies that highlight her social and personal concerns of todays contemporary society. Holzers works are confronting and provocative and inspire us to make changes. They make us remember that language is not always a factual statement it can be true or false depending on the context. Holzer forces us to analyse our own behaviour and consider how we have been influenced and manipulated. Her works are designed to make us stop and think about how we are maturing socially. Holzers truisms MONEY CREATES TASTE 1982 and protect ME FROM WHAT I WANT 1985 are part of her 1983-85 series Survival. These are LED installation pieces consisting of large scale text that were projected onto a billboard in Times Square, New York.The inscriptions were bright, clear and menacing and connected themselves to the terrestrial glow of the city. The phrases were flicked over the busy intersection for two to three seconds creating an element of surprise and capturing the audiences attention. The main focus of these works was to make a profound statement about the world of advertising and consumer society today. Holzers aim was to persuade the audience to pause and reflect on their lives. Her work emphasises the mental picture that within our society, we are driven by the world of media, thereby producing a mass materialistic, consumerist culture. MONEY CREATES TASTE is almost a plea from Holzer to stand back and assess our needs as a culture rather than what we are fed to believe we want by the media.The use of this concise statement PROTECT ME FROM WHAT I WANT has shown us that we are in the process of losing our identity and sense of culture and can be manipulated by the underlying motives of the media. Shirin Neshat is an Iranian born(p) artist who, upon turning seventeen, moved to California to study art. In 1990 when Neshat flew back to Iran to visit her family, she was confronted by the changes in culture and t he narrow restraints of everyday life in the Islamic Republic. She was faced by a very strict, pure form of Islam introduced by the Iranian government in order to erase Persian history. Since having lived in the two cultural contexts of Iraq and the USA, Neshat is able to examine the cultural concerns of individual beings in a metaphorical and poetic way. She attempts to address problems of identity, race and gender in a shocking manner and intends to undermine social stereotypes and assumptions.Her works explore the differences among Islam and the West, males and females, limitations in life and freedom, old and saucily and the public and the private domains. Neshat aimed to provoke questions amongst her audience as she explored Islam through her art making and comments on issues related to feminism and multiculturalism. However, her works were not entirely confrontational and symbolic Neshat also paid particular attention to aesthetics. In her 1994 print and ink, Rebellious re pose, Neshat depicts an Islamic, Muslim woman, covered in a veil holding a hero. Her calm face is divided up by the starkness of the cold, steel weapon and is laced with Islamic calligraphy symbolic of the Niqab, a more extreme veil that an Islamic woman moldiness wear as it signifies her obedience to the male supremacy in Islamic culture. Her clothing and weapon make us question whether this woman has rejected her amenable female role to embrace violence.She is looking directly at the camera and looks determined to fight. Questions of motives arise amongst the audience. Neshats 1996 work Speechless is a black and face cloth photograph in which Neshat has chosen to make herself the subject. This image is a close up of Neshats face. She looks determined and powerful however, like her creation Rebellious Silence her face is covered with an overlay of Islamic text. The Arabic inscriptions that create the veil act as a barrier. It symbolises the support of the Islamic revolution. T he visual struggle between Neshat and the veil is representational of the fight for freedom and the support of religion. By putting the text on her face, the body part where people can identify emotions the most, it serves as a reminder of the power that religion has over women and the oppression it has towards free expression. The gun in the picture is another juxtaposition.The woman seems to be embracing the gun as a part of her, giving off a threatening feeling, but at the same time, it does not feel dangerous because of her conflicted emotions freedom versus oppression. The inscriptions circulate of a man who died in the Iran/Iraq conflict of the 1980s. This is also insulting to the women who also experienced this conflict. Her art does not disapprove nor approve of Islam, but instead encourages the audience to reflect upon their own ideas, assumptions and expectations. He works carry both personal and emotional connotations. Wenda Gu was born in China and studied traditional, classical embellish painting. He was employed to teach ink painting and although he no longer practices in China, text remains central to his work. This initial technical training has provided the incentive for his most confronting pieces in which the powerful use of language challenges social and political traditions.These are questioning and symbolic works that violate the orthodox precept of artistic value. They represent a direct threat to authority. Michael Sullivan. Gu ambitiously attempts to address, in artic terms, the issue of globalism that dominates discussions of contemporary economics, society and culture. He aims to appeal not only to the present population, but also to future generations in his quest to extend the boundaries of human perception, feeling and thought and express humanitys deepest wishes and powerful dreams. Gu strives to unify mankind and create a utopian feel within his works. Gu worked to simplify the Chinese language and to encourage people to embr ace new attitudes towards their old language. He combines a long standing fascination with classical Chinese calligraphy with a contemporary take on universal concerns that get across cultural and ethnic boundaries.Gus work today focusses extensively on ideas of culture and his identity and has developed an interest in bodily materials and catch humanity across ethnic and national boundaries. Gus 1994-96 work Pseudo Characters Contemplation of the world is a series of ink paintings in which he uses traditional calligraphic styles and techniques but subverts them with reversed, upside down or incorrect letters. The pseudo character series consists of three ink on paper scrolls in which he has combined calligraphy and landscape, disrupting the conventions of both, powerfully distorting artistic tradition of China. Gu has attacked the written word by glorifying the spirit of the absurd. Gus most world-shattering artworks have been a series entitled United Nations Project. This is a series of 15 works that were conceptually planned to relate to the locations social, political, historical and cultural situation.This series confronts two taboos. That of language and the human body. The main material for these installations are human hair collected from hairdressers from all over the world and the hair itself serves as a connection to all people. They typically consisted of screens tied together with twine, forming a canopy of internationally collected hair that was fashioned into nonsensical scripts combining the Chinese alphabet and others. His works are distinguished by the two themes which intersect. The first relates to language and the way in which cultural conventions are signified ad the second, is the use of human hair which is a symbol for significant human endeavours.The human hair is a blueprint containing DNA information, which is common to all humans but seen fundamentally as individual. Jenny Holzer, Shirin Neshat and Wenda Gu all explore the cultu ral implications of language within art. They share a prime focus on the link up between culture and identity. They have used language and text to convey their powerful messages and have drawn upon their own personal experiences. Concerned with the human condition, both they and their artworks have had a significant impact on society and the way in which we interpret information.Madison ********Year 12 Visual Arts Art History and Art Criticism.Essay on TextThe inclusion of text in artworks reflects a post-modern concern with the way we receive information in our contemporary society and the importance of language to identity. Explore the cultural implications of language in the work of Jenny Holzer, Wenda Gu and one other contemporary artist. Analyse limited artworks to support your argument.

Personal experience in the war in Counter- Attack Essay Example for Free

Personal experience in the contend in Counter- Attack attemptBy considering iodin of the poems that you have read, explain how the poet presents their view of the conflict Counter-AttackSiegfried Sassoon presents his personal experience in the war in Counter- Attack with raw brutal imagery of the battlefield, the numerous sensory feelings provoking terror and outrage at the war, coupled with the stark tune of report-like statements to ultimately convey the futility of the conflict, and the massive waste of life.Sassoon immediately establishes the sense impression of emotional detachment in the conflict the opening government notes simply state that they had gained (their) first objective hours before, provoking iniquity at the fact that soldiers were coerce to crusade in inhumane conditions and ultimately were made to detach themselves from the terror of watching their friends being murdered. A semi-omniscient narration is maintained to establish the collective horror o f the war, the fact that all soldiers would almost always face the same fate as the previous had and remains set throughout the poem as the contrast to the emotional detachment presented. The poet describes how at first even before the attack begins the soldiers ar already blind with smoke, yet they ar made to go to work as soon as dawn begins all the soldiers are immediately forced to join in with the clink of shovels, a sign of the rough conditions of living in the trenches, while the militaristic onomatopoeia coincides with the perceived order bourness, much(prenominal) as the bombers posted and Lewis guns well placed.The poet therefore establishes the horror of the almost methodical methods to which the war was fought, and that the death that would come later made to seem almost mechanical. Sassoon also emphasises that these soldiers are simply normal men, many whom are young and forced to fight when he describes how prior to the counter-attack, there was a yawning soldier kneeling across the bank in order to keep their morale up, they are forced to stimulate sardonic, sarcastically describing the weather as the jolly old rain, yet serving to reinforce the message that the conflict has forced people to become disconnect from their emotions and feelings.The horror of the battlefield is also clearly defined Sassoon describes the average life in the trenches even before the counter-attack to be one rotten with dead putting surface clumsy legs. The use of rotten inherently suggests that the battlefield is full of bodies, many of which are likely to be decomposing which unaccompanied heightens the horror in which these soldiers must come through their daily lives. They are in effect also forced to separate themselves from the sights death is a normality in warfare, and the raw description of various soldiers sprawled and grovelled on the trenches defines the sheer brutality they face.The men are reduced from strong, able men who were previously high- booted to being helpless in the face of war, some even exposit as eventually dying face downward, a possible reference to the conflict only when bringing doom to their lives. The battlefield is not only strewn with countless bodies, but also described as treacherous itself the mud is personified as sucking the fallen soldiers down into it with little remorse, creating a sense of the indignity of the soldiers deaths. The soldiers that are still alive are simply wallowing like trodden sand-bags, indication of the hopelessness and lack of control in the situation they face. They are also metaphorically loosely- change, hinting possibly that these men are also physically as well as mentally exhausted, hence the soldier having knelt against the bank.The sudden switch from the collection of soldiers to the single one in the second stanza points towards Sassoons idea of the wrongs of war the stark realness that war costs numerous lives and each soldier is in effect a whole life, the on e about to be lost in the war is as just as important. To describe the intensity of the conflict, the poet describes how this single soldier responds with such fear in that he becomes mute in the clamour of shells, simply reduced as he recoils from the initial shock of warfare.Yet rather than get from his initial shock, ultimately the soldier is described by Sassoon as helpless, as he crouched and flinched, dizzy with galloping fear, reduced almost to primal instinct when confront with such a large strangled horror. The battlefield along with its weaponry spouts dark earth and wire with gusts from hell the poet explains the terrible nature of the war, likened to hell bust up its destruction onto the battlefield, and in the remnants of the carnage the soldier can only hear the butchered, frantic gestures of the dead an oxymoron to establish the fact that death on the battlefield is so sudden and brutal it is literally incomprehensible.Sassoons view of the conflict is described as being ultimately futile the first stanza already indicates that there are numerous bulged, clotted heads scattered throughout, grotesque imagery that also provides an ominous undertone to the counter-attack. These bodies are also described as sleeping rather than the stark reality that they are dead, pointing to the normality of the situation. To add further to the futility, even the officer of the trench is blundering, somewhat dark comedy in the face of terrible times, and he continues only by gasping and bawling in shock. In contrast to the dead lifeless nature of the soldiers, it is the ammunition that is fully alive in this case bullets spat at them, traversing sure as fate, and never a dud, adding to the certainty of death in the conflict.The soldier Sassoon describes ultimately meets his fate in a spout of mix-up indicated by the sudden ellipses in his thoughts and he remembered his riflerapid fire Notably the soldier himself cannot remember to hold onto his own rifle shock is unite with futility in that the soldier cannot arm himself and is therefore helpless, akin to almost all the other soldiers in the trenches. His fate is one that ends with him having bled to death. Heavy consonants throughout the line along with repetition emphasise the futile nature in which he dies Down, and down, and down, he sank and drowned.The poem establishes Sassoons opinion of the conflict being one filled with horror, forced emotional detachment and ultimately the underlying futility of the war in the soldiers confusion and the mechanical killing presented. The poem never aligns with any set line structure in order to add to this confusion, and the poem is closed with the simple factual statement the counter-attack had failed, in line with the opening line to create a contrast and show the real brutal nature of war people become numbers rather than the real human beings presented in the second stanza.

Distillation of Alcoholic Beverages Essay Example for Free

Distillation of Alcoholic Beverages EssayDistillation is the process where compounds are purified by separating the more fickle substance from non-volatile or less volatile substance. An example of this is the differences in change state point. Boiling point is the temperature when the vapor pressure of a fluidity-phased compound equals with the pressure exerted on it. This external pressure is usually atmospheric pressure. As the temperature of the liquid increase, the vapor pressure allow also increase.And if this case will happen, the vapor pressure will equal to the atmospheric pressure that will cause change state. Since different compounds have different boiling points, the components often separate from a mixture when the mixture is subjected to distillation. 2 Also, boiling points can be determined by the process of distillation. In distillation, vapor and liquid compositions are both interest. The compositions of the vapor and liquid are governed by Raoults and Dal tons Laws provided the vapor and solutions are both Ideal.Raoults law states that the vapor pressure of an ideal solution is dependent on the vapor pressure of each chemical component and the mole fraction of the component present in the solution. 1 While Daltons Law states that the total pressure exerted by a aerosolised mixture is equal to the sum of the partial pressures of each individual component in a gas mixture. 1 At any temperature, some molecules of a liquid possess enough kinetic energy to escape into the vapor phase (evaporation) and some of the molecules in the vapor phase return to the liquid (condensation).Equilibrium is bound up, with molecules going back and forth between liquid and vapor. At higher temperatures, more molecules possess enough kinetic energy to escape, which results in a great number of molecules being present in the vapor phase. There are two types of distillation according to separation, the unprejudiced and fractional. Fractional distillation is used when the boiling points of chemicals in a mixture are close to each-other, while simple distillation is generally used when the boiling points are significantly different.In simple distillation, evaporation of a volatile liquid from a solution of non-volatile substances takes lieu. The water will condense the vapor through the water condenser that will be collected in the receiver. There are cases when the distillate would contain a majority of one liquid but would still contain a lesser of the second. In order to separate this, another distillation must take place. This repeated distillation is the principle behind fractional distillation wherein it redistills automatically. Automatic redistillation takes place on the apparatus called fractionating column.The vapor produced by the boiling mixture will rise up in the column and will condense when it reaches a true point. Then it will turn into vapor again and will rise a little bit further up the column. The liquid will b e completely purified after the vapor rise all the way to column and will condense in the condenser. In this experiment, the group aims to (1) separate the alcohol capability of the alcoholic beverage, (2) calculate for its percentage ethanol present, (3) and compare the efficiency of simple distillation and fractional distillation.

Improvement Of Dual Axis Tracker Using Arduino Uno Engineering Essay

Improvement Of Dual axis Tracker Using Arduino Uno Engineering canvassSolar ability generation had been apply as a re rawable vigor since years ago.This type of nada is very clean, environment eithery friendly and reliability as secondary choice for source energy.This paper present the design and improvement of dual bloc tracker using Arduino Uno kit.Futhermore,the main objective is the dual axis tracker carcass which will actuate solar module will keep aligned with the sunlight in order to maximize in harvesting solar power.In this ejection,its divided by ii categorieshardware and software package.In hardware part,4 light dependent resistor(LDR) has been apply to trace the coordinate of sunlight by detecting light direct of sunlight.For rotation part, two standard servo push has been selected.In software part,the code is constructed in C programming and inserted in Arduino Uno.This range is designed for low power and portable application.Therefore, its suitable for rural area usage.Moreover,the efficiency of output power which store by sunlight are increased.Keywords Dual Axis,LDR, servo Motor,ArduinoI. INTRODUCTIONRenewable energy is energy which comes from natural source such as sunlight, wind rain ,tides ,wave and etc. Renewable energy provide 19% of electricity generation worldwide.Malaysia,with population of about 28 million, is one of fastest-growing economies in Asia. During the last decade, Malaysia has seen almost 20% increase in energy generating capacity from 13,000MW in 2000 to 15,500MW in 2009.Under the 8th Malaysia intent (2001-2005),the government of Malaysia changed the Four Fuel Policy(establish on oil, gas, coal and hydropower) to the Five-Fuel Policy with the addition of renewable energy as fifth source of fuel. Malaysia is well endowed with abundant non-renewable and renewable source of energy, especially biomass and solar.In the last ten year,many residentals around the world used electric solar system as a wedge he el power at their houses.this is because solar energy is an unlimited energy resource,set to become increasingly important in longer term, for providing electricity and heat energy to user1.Solar energy is the energy derived from the sun through the form of solar radiation.The sun is most is most inexhaustible,renewable source energy known to man.The is no price and also no air pollution created by solar energy ,environmentally friendly and solar energy are interminable supplies3.It is related with aspects as deforestation control,protection of ozone layer,reduction of CO2 spark and others4.The main objective of this paper is to develop solar tracker.The solar tracker can be used for several application such as solar cells,solar day-lighting system and solar thermal arrays1.Nowadays,the highest efficiency of solar board is 19%.So,the efficiency can be enhance by using solar tracker.Albeit,the price of different solar tracker are still expensive because solar tracker is still new and only a few countries use it as South Korean and USA1.Futhermore,this project is designed for rural area which far from main supply and absolutely low damage.Previous researchers 1,3 and 6 used LDR as sensor respectively.Other that,1 ,6used dc push and 3 used servo ram as the mover of their solar tracker.II. DEVELOPMENT OF SOLAR TRACKERFinding energy source to satisfy the worlds growing demand is one of ordering foremost challenges for next half century.The challenge in converting sunlight into electricity via photovoltaic solar cell is dramatically reducing $/Watt of delivered solar electricity.In this context the solar tracker are such devices for efficiency improvement.Solar tracker is the devices which designed automated for detect the sunlight movement from east to west.However,this automated system will stay its functional even if weather is cloudy and there is no sun visible totrack,thus spending stored energy without any gain6.Nowadays,many researcher from various e ducation institution likely contribute in this topic. Based on experimental and actual result,the solar tracking can enhance by 30 to 60 percent compared to smooth solar array.Other that, power generated annually increase up to 40 percent.There are numbers types of solar tracker depends on cost,performance and technology3.This paper continues development on two axis tracking system consists lite Dependent Resistor(LDR),standard servo motor,solar module and Arduino programmer.III METHODOLOGYThis project is divided into two parts,hardware development and programming development.Figure 1 confront the block diagram of the project.CUsersAlberto_TaminoDesktopDrawing1.jpgFigure 1Block diagram of the project2 Project Design2.1 HardwareThe main components of hardware used in this project are Arduino Board,Light Dependent Resistor,Servo Motor,Solar Panel and solar tracker stand,variable resistor.2.1.1 Arduino BoardIn this project,Arduino was used as main controller.Arduino is an open-sour ce electronic prototyping platform based on flexible,easy to use software and hardware.Arduino can sense environment by receiving input from a variety of sensors and can effect it surrounding by unequivocal light,motor and other actuator.The microcontroller on the board is programmed using Arduino programming language and Arduino development environment.Arduino can be stand alone or they can communicate with software running on a computer.2.1.2 Light Dependent ResistorLight Dependent Resistor is semiconductor which sensitive with light.The main purpose is to change the brightness of light in different weather aim.Becauce of these reason,this paper choosed LDR which suitable to track the sunlight.2.1.3 Servo MotorServo motor is one type of various motor in electronic application.This type motor required supply 4.8V or 6V.This motor consists three wire namely signal,positive and ground wire.The motor consists several part,the motor and gearbox,a position sensor,an error amplifier an d motor driver and circuit to decode the requested position.Servo motor only rotate in 180 degree.http//t0.gstatic.com/images?q=tbnANd9GcQmkuTWaXtVnqH1pvD1XfCAoz4L-eOvUpgzLpaZTOGhzP16cFzeFigure 2Servo Motor2.1.4 Solar PanelSolar panel is a device to feature sunlight and convert it into electricity.Nowadays,many type solar panel in the commercialize but the efficiency still low.Other that,the price still expensive.That reason makes this type renewable energy still second choice energy generation afterwards fuel generation.This paper used monocrystalline solar panel for solar tracker and static mode.CUsersCIPOXS1AppDataLocalTempWPDNSEABEA16F1-1E2E-5557-6656-659DC8B5A9B6191120121132.jpgFigure 3 2W Solar Panel2.1.5 Solar Tracker StandThis project designed the cheap and innovative stand.This stand also stable because the big base area makes the servo motor and solar operate as accustomed at the top.CUsersCipOx StarzDesktopsolar tracker(FYP 2)181120121127.jpgFigure 4 Prototype of Sola r StandMaterialUnitQuantitypremature ventricular contraction Tee inch3PVC Elbow inch4PVC Reducing Socket1 to inch1PVC Pipe2 meter2TOA SprayLight Green1Table 1Prototype Material2.1.6 Variable ResistorA variable resistor is a potentiometer with only two wires instead of three.The pots allows to control yhe potential across through the circuit.The long handle on the potentiometer/variable resistor can be turned right-handed or anti-clockwise,altering the value of resistance.The range of resistance varies,for example 0 to 1000 ohms.This paper used variable resistor for speed and tolerance for each motorvertical and horixontal axis.CUsersCipOx StarzDesktopdownload.jpgCUsersCipOx StarzDesktopdownload (1).jpgCUsersCipOx StarzDesktopimages.jpgCUsersCipOx StarzDesktop220px-Faders.jpgFigure 5 Several of Variable Resistors2.2 SoftwareThis paper using the C programming as programming language.The unsophisticated code constructed and inserted into Arduino Board.The Figure 6 show the flowchar t of the software procedure.CUsersAlberto_TaminoDesktopDrawing1.jpgFigure 6 Flowchart of software procedure.IV. RESULT AND DICUSSIONFrom the result,the precedent selected the suitable fix for solar panel placement.The best location where is not shade from building or trees shadow.The sun moves from east to west.Therefore,the author choosed for placing the solar tracker toward south east.So,the solar panel will get more sunlight in order to harvest output power.The best reading time is between 10am till 12.00pm.The data collected from 9am till 5.00pm for 5day.The highest ouput voltage for solar tracker is 3.7V and for the static is 3.4V.The data shown the reading are upward from 9.00am till 12.00pm and start downward from 1.00pm till 5.00pm.According from data,the author choosed two condition of solar panelStatic Solar Panel which face north east in 45 degree tilt.Solar Tracker which face east.From the data from construe 9,the largest output power is 587.6mW at 12.00pm for the tra cker mode and the the lowest is 4.1mW.Figure 7Output potential Versus Output CurrentFigure 8Output Voltage Versus TimeFigure 7Ouput Power Versus TimeThe sunlight irradiation depends on many factor.The weather in Malaysia is hot and humid throught the year.This factor makes Malaysia receive the rain most the year.Therefore,Malaysias atmosphere covered by variety of cloud. The author research how effect the variety of cloud to solar panel reading.The data from practice 10 shown the highest ouput power harvested when no cloud in the atmosphere.Other that,the lowest reading is when the sky covered by cumulonimbus cloud.This type of cloud are wide and associated with thunderstorm.Therefore,the sunlight irradiation not fully emitted to the solar panel.Figure 8Output Power Versus DayV. CONCLUSSIONIn conclusion,the objective of solar tracker has been archieved.Based on all result,the output voltage and output power are increased compared to the the static solar panel.The solar tracker is able to track the sun movement from west to east.The cost and reability of this tracker makes it suitable for the rural usage. This paper also conclude that the clouds also the main factor for harversting more power.The purpose on renewable energy from this paper gave new and innovative idea to continue the bright future in this field .VI. RECOMMENDATIONFor further research on this field,the data collection can be improved by long distance monitoring especially when user far from the site or when the rain.The high quality camera can be installed for capturing the type of cloud for futher research.Other that,this paper recommend that this innovative prototype can be enhance by increased it is scale.The solar panel can be replaced by larger scale in order to capturing more solar irradiation.Other that,the selection of solar panel should be also considered.Solar panel should high in efficiency for produce more output power which can used more low power appliances.For the location of so lar tracker,the best location is the higher(prenominal) place where is in the top building.Other that,the further user should considered the clouds.Before the installation,the user should research and identify the most area which not covered by cloud.Lastly,the user should be managed to restore the ouput power as secondary supply in an effort to preserve the invironment and ozone.Save our earth.ACKNOWLEDMENTThe author would like to acknowledge University Technology Mara (UiTM) for providing the component for this project.The author also tribute to Mdm. Aida Sulinda Kusim,all the lecturer,the staff and students of UiTM who have been involved in this project for the tremendous support and enormous guide.REFRENCES1 Asmarashid Ponniran,Ammar Hashim,Ariffuddin Joret. A Design of Low Power wholeness Axis Solar Tracking ashes Regardless of Motor Speed.Internal Journal Of Intergrated Engineering,Vol.3 No.2(2011) p 5-9.2 Ashok Kumar Saxena,V.Dutta. A Versatile Microprocessor Based Controll er For Solar Tracking.Proc.IEEE,1990,pp.1105-11093 Mohd Zulkifli,M.A.Zolkapli.M.Al-Junid,S.A.M. High-Efficency Dual Axis Solar Tracking Developtment Using Arduino.4 J.Beltran A.,J.L Gonzalez Rubio S.y C.D.Garcia-Beltran. Design,Manufacturing and Performance Test of a Solar Tracker Made By a Embedded Control.Fourth Congress of Electronic,Robotic and Automotive Mechanics5 Norhazwani Abd Malek,Hasril Hasini,Adlansyah Abd Rahman,Mohd Nasharuddin Mohd Jaafar. An alter Solar PV System for Malaysian Rural Electrification.Proceeding of 2010 IEEE Student Confrence on Research and Development(SCOREeD 2010).6 Prabodh Bajpai,Subhash Kumar.Design,Development and Performance Test of An Automatic Two Axis Solar Tracker System.Electrical Engineering Department,IIT Kharagpur,West Bengal,India7 Gamal M.Dousoky,Abou-Hashema M.EL-SAYED,Masahito Shoyama. maximising Energy-Efficency In Single Axis Solar Tracker Photovoltaic Panels.8th International Conference on Power Electronic-ECCE Asia -May 30 June ,2011,The Shila Jeju,Korea.8 Han Wan Siew, Solar tTrackerSIM University,20089 Jyotirmay Gadewadikar, Microprocessor Based Soalr tracking System Using Stepper Motor S.G.S Institute of Tech Science,Indore

The causes and effects of torture in prison

The ca customs and effects of frustrate in prison house housePrison pain explains the harmful consequences that prison torture can cause to the detainees and why it should be abolished. The first part of this paper discusses the common causes of prison torture in which the just about known is obtaining confidential information from criminals. The second part of this paper reflects the somatogenetic consequences of the prisoner during the process of torture. The third part explains how the experience of being tortured can lead to post-traumatic psychological disorders and former(a) issues. This traumatic disorder could eventually interpose in the individuals behavior towards the society. In brief, torture in prison whitethorn generate results that could be even worse than the crimes committed by prisoners and therefore it should be banned.IntroductionThere atomic number 18 deplorable insights on the realism of life within prisons in the United States and around the world. Sadis tic snatchions and treatment that are roughly similar happen in all prisons evoking a lot of debate from human rights activists among other concerned bodies on the magnitude of torture in prisons. Torture varies in different prisons but at the end of the day, the human rights of a prisoner are violated. Some corrective institutions release prisoners to fierce dogs and they are savaged for or so half an hour or so, other torture methods include electrocuting with Cattle Prods which is very traumatizing, in nigh cases a prisoner is burned by extremely toxic or corrosive chemicals, among other barbaric abuse.Looking in the societal context a prisoners are considered to have little powers as farseeing as they are behind bars. This explains why a prisoner is the most vulnerable to torture. Although a prisoner finds him self or herself behind bars owing to wrongful conduct or breaking laws of a given society they are viewed as isolated people who deserves to be deprived their freedo m or liberty therefrom they are well placed in prisons. A common cause of prison torture is in a case where a prisoner is ill-treated to obtain confidential information from him, this is common in war crimes, terrorism, or crimes against the state for instance treason. In some States, a prison or a corrective institution may choose to use torture on culprits in case they want to curb serious crimes like illegal movements and cults, drugs networks and so on Criminals netted in relation to specific crimes are tortured to a point of confession.American criminal judicial system is extremely ineffective, expensive, and revoltingly inclement with a rich history with racism. Most city departments are famous for their notorious brutality hence there is a record of over 2 million people in corrective or federal facilities while other 3.5 million are placed under other types of social book like community service. For this reason Americans reformists came up with modern prisons in support of anti torture policies they argued that even badly-core criminals would reform by imprisonment alone, hard labor and contrition. Although slavery was not legitimized, captives were punished for crime (Jared Elizabeth, 2006).Following the Abu Ghraib military prisoner torture and abuse scandal in the year 2004, prison torture was redefined since so much was revealed through leaked video tapes (Jared Elizabeth, 2006). Therefore many independent observers and researchers went ahead to explore the activities of torture in various prisons around America. It was evident that most prisons used similar or closely related ways of torture.Study shows that the brutality prisoners are exposed to leave irreversible physical and psychological scars or even cause death. In cases where prison officials use toxic chemicals on prisoners, it is obvious severe physical disfigurations may occur due to burns and eroding of flesh by the harsh chemicals some victims burn to death. Some prisons depriv e the torture victims medical attention even after inflicting wounds on them. Moreover some prisons avail medical care which either is too little or too late.Other institutions may choose to have dogs that are released to prisoners in an marches and they let them savage on the prisoner ca utilise so much pain and even loss of limbs or other body parts. Ruthless trounce and kicks may cause fractures and cuts, which may worsen if they go untreated at times, they rot and a prisoner ends up losing the fractured part of the body. Some officers are so radical that they may choose to amputate a prisoner without anesthesia. The most common method of torture in prisons around the world is the electrocution using cattle prod this can cause severe brain damage. Sexual abuse takes place every day in almost every prison in the world this is a form of torture from prison officials or fellow prisoners who may be forced to engage in sodomy, homicide and other cannibalic acts like rape (Gebhardt, 2004).There are episodes in life that cannot be erased from the mind of a human being Thus Personal experiences can hasten or damage the life of a prisoner. In most prisons the criminals are tortured before their fellow inmates hence their counterparts may see a prisoner tortured to death, their lives are filled with fear and anxiety and it is likely to find them hallucinating or they are rendered in permanent shock. Psychological and Social consequences are very common in victims of prison torture psychological outcomes include conditions like Post-traumatic psychiatric where a victim may have experienced a brain injury or brain trauma. This is symbolized by changes in personality traits, disorientation, confusion and at times impaired memory (Dylan, 2006).A victim of prison torture may never be able to interact freely with the people around him or her. This due to various factors that affect them from low self esteem to dull emotional responses like sexual inappropriateness espe cially if sexually abused, paranoid, aggressiveness etc A person who has experienced prison torture may change or may not change their lifestyle of crime this could be because of general outlook of life. Some tend to harden and even give out hardcore criminals than they were before. They develop a tendency to hate on law enforcers and all they want is to associate with criminals and rebels. Their relationship even with family and friends deteriorates since they feel unwanted. Many a times they may have episodes of their lives in their mind and they may do weird things like screaming, nightmares, wailing, or even trying to fight back so they prefer staying alone (Coltheart, 2009).Torture might be a method used to gain information and to punish prisoners for decades, but we have to consider the use of other procedures. Torturing should in like manner be considered as a crime, because the torturers behavior of causing pain and simulating death is an unethical process used by criminal s as well. Revisiting the infamous horrors of Nazi prisons, which was discovered after the World War II it really enhanced awareness all over the world about the all-inclusive use of torture to get information from prisoners (Zinger, 2006).Movements much(prenominal) as World Medical Association (WMA) emerged in 1947 following protests and mission to curb torture and other cruel penal approaches used on prisoners.According to (Burgers Mark, 1994) the United Nations further endorsed conventions against torture of prisoners that are in place until today. It defines torture as any act by which severe pain or suffering. This may be physical or mental and intentionally inflicted on a person for such purposes as obtaining from him or a third person information or a confession. It is aimed at punishing him for an act he has or is suspected of having committed. It can also be aimed at intimidating or coercing him or a third person for any reason based on discrimination of some kind. when such pain or suffering is inflicted by or at the instigation of or with the consent or acquiescence of a public official or other person acting in an official capacity. It does not include pain or suffering arising only from, or incidental to lawful sanctions (UN, 2007).Thus prison torture is illegal according to the international law.

Report on Sonys Case Study

Report on Sonys Case StudyMajor Question Outline evaluate Sonys strategic position at the end of the case study, including its perplexity change. What strategic changes (if any) would you now recommend to Sonys direction?Minor Question Analyse Sonys resources, Capabilities Competencies as depicted in the case, explain wherefore it has grown success amply in the competitive consumer electronics industry. As an a classifiable Nipponese stack, Comment in the role played by Sonys corporate Culture?Introduction.This propound is based on Sony Corporation. The report below is structured tensenessing on the issues provided as question for the Case study in the seminar group. There is a brief History Culture followed by the wad Analysis Financial Analysis, followed by the management change at Sony. Finally there are a a few(prenominal) recommendation followed up with conclusion references. This case study was Robin John, from London South Bank University.2. AcknowledgementWe as a group would like to give thanks Robin John Dr. Leslie Gadman for their support and providing excellent knowledge about the topic, the case study and presentation feedback which has enabled us to deliver this report in acceptable form.3. chronicle CULTURE.The Sony Corporation is now a $ 124 billion (2009) Company with approximately 180,500 employees (2008). Sony was formed in 1946 by Masaru Ibuka Akio Morita. It was initially know as Tokyo Tsushin Kogyo in English language Tokyo Telecommunications Engineering Company. The name Sony was chosen as a dodging which would help them to Globalise as the Co-Fo beneath Morita had the vision to see early that there was a world rather than pure Japanese market for their Innovations. The first Sony- spoted product, the TR-55 transistor radio, appeared in 1955 only the club name didnt change to Sony until January 1958.The current Sony Corporation has a unique culture which is firmly rooted in its history especially in relationship t o its two founders, Ibuka and Morita. They both were geniuses above their business talents. twain gave insights and visions in what the company should make and how it should be made. Ibuka, especially, gave constant advice and suggestions to the engineers involved in projects from the earlier on transistor radios to Walkmans. This maked the umbrella strategy in which Sony operates under, where the top management gives the general direction in which the lower engineers actively learns, develops and improves on the vision/idea. Therefore, although there is a planned direction, the actual product development through institution is emergent with great flexibility.Although the research and development section of Sony differs greatly from other companies with its great flexibility, Sony, in its essence is still a traditional Japanese company in umteen ways. There is life-time employment, with unafraid norms and values which in turn create strategies through their actions. Status is g iven (the crystal award) quite of bonuses (not signifi can buoyt amount) for relentless-ribbon(prenominal) achievement. There is similarly the strong seniority system such as the mentor and apprentice relationship that is typical of a Japanese firm. All this can be classified as the cultural school in which strategy formation is of collective behaviour. Collective vision and stress on human resource, which is typical of many Japanese, can be clearly seen in the mission statement Management Policies.Sony Corp has retained rock-steady things of Japanese Culture hasnt been reluctant to accept culture which is not atypical Japanese in nature, which has resulted in building these huge electronic giant sustain it for more than than five decades, looks for a succeeding(a) which is very bright.4. SONYS CAPABILITIES, COMPETENCIES RESOURCESSony Corporation is considered one of the worlds most successful companies, operating in the electronics, plot of grounds, music, films and f iscal services industry (Hanson et al, 2001). Sony is known for creating products that stimulate the senses and refresh the spirit (Sony, 2007). efficaciously managing a combination of its resources, capabilities and core competencies, has allowed Sony to create a strong sustainable competitive advantage.Assessment of Sony Corporations Resources and CapabilitiesSony Corporation is committed on its efforts to continuously develop master technology that generates a high appeal to the general public due to its quality and cost effectiveness. Over the years, Sony Corporation has been able to build a unquestionable base meant to boost the companys designing and manufacturing capabilities. This enables the company to bring to markets truly original and more importantly mobile devices that are reasonably priced. The research and development team of Sony Corporation also plays a all important(p) role in the achievement of this feat. The company also believes that making a positive impac t in the troupe through their quality products is the very essence of being a manufacturer.Sony Corporations Competitive AdvantageEconomies of Scale and Scope in manufacturing and research and development arising from its numerous facilities locate in Japan, the United States and other countries worldwide.Unique Quality Technology owing to heavy emphasis on researchSony Corporations commitment to research development activities has of all time been one of its top strategies to remain competitive in the market.Differentiated ProductsThrough the production and marketing of identify products originating from their research and development activities, Sony Corporation is able to create its own firm-specific advantages. The continuous pursuit of research and development processes enables Sony Corporation to produce a steady stream of originally differentiated products which makes it difficult for competitors to find substitutes. Because of this differentiated approach, Sony Corporati on is able to market their products worldwide, which enables them in turn to maximize the returns on research and development expenditures. Sony Corporations competitive advantages could be sustained provided the company would continue to focus on its core competencies. However, the company also has to be aware of the latest technological.Sony Corporations Resources Resources refer to factors that a company owns controls and uses for the purpose of creating value (Hill et al, 2007). Sonys numerous tangible and intangible resources help to determine its distinctive competency, thus leading to maintaining a competitive advantage.When identifying Sonys resources, both its tangible and intangible assets are included. Tangible resources include assets that are financial in nature, or have physical properties (Hill et al, 2007). In 2007, Sony recorded a sales and operating cash flow of $70,303 million, an increase of 10.5 percent from 2006 (Sony United, 2007), as department of its financ ial resources. Land, buildings, machinery, and equipment are also part of Sonys tangible resources, and are worth approximately $14 million (Sony United, 2007).Intangible resources include those non-physical assets that the company uses to produce goods or provide services, or expects to generate future productive benefits (Hill et al, 2007). The Sony brand is considered one of the worlds most recognisable and trusted brands and was ranked 21st in the Business week/Interbred list of the Worlds 100 Most Valuable Brands with an estimated value of US$14 billion (Singh et al, 2005). The Sony brand is associated with superior quality, innovation and style (Sony United, 2007), in the minds of its customers.5. Sonys SWOT Analysis.Opportunities growth of new technologyGrowing trend customer base (Focus on BRIC Nations)Target consistent profitability in core hardware businesses (TV, game and digital imaging)Diversify in game producing for its hardware.Listen to Voice of customer.Easy to use products.ThreatsNew substitute products emergingPrice competition.Economic pressure.Losing the dominance in key product categories.(TV, P.S, D.I)Due to poor financial performance could have less money for RD.StrengthStrong sales marketing capabilitiesBusiness post or product exclusivityHigh quality productExcellent customer serviceCost advantage (Discount)Good distribution network worn outnessWeak financial performance (Low Profitability Low ROCE)Lacking a customer viewpointProducts with many feature but difficult to use.Lack of hit productsDevelopment of similar productsPatent fuss in the whole Industry.Particular1997Millions of Yen2009Millions of Yen make sense Electronically Business3,930,292 (69.4%)5,032,920 (65.1%)Music570,119 (10.1%)50,541 (0.6%)Picture438,551(7.7%)717,513 (9.3%)Insurance227,920(4%)523,307 (6.8%)Games408,335(7.2%)984,855 (12.7%)Others87,917(1.6%)471,398 (5.5%)Total Revenue5,658,2537,729,993 (+136.62%)6. Comparing Sales Revenue by BusinessArea for 1997 2009.FINANCIAL PERFORMANCE.Particular20082009Sales8,871,4147,729,993 (-12.87%)R D Expenses520,568497,297 (-4.47%)Employees180,500171,300 (-5.1%)Profit Margin4.2%-1.3%R D to Sales5.9%6.4%Current Ratio1.25 time0.95 timeGearing Ratio21.04%22.27%Return on Equity16.4%-5.9%Roce6.65%-2.13%6.2 FINANCIAL ANALYSIS.Sonys financial condition is good but necessitate to be better for a matured Company like Sony which is in existence since 1946 more than 6 decades. It is acceptable but should be a top priority for the Management to make it better. Below mentioned are few observationsMajority of its earning in electronic Industry.Earning from music has reduced considerably could be because of piracy issues or Late M.Js bad public city.The best diversified product is gaming, so should look to diversify more in this area. (Game MFG.)Major problem with SONY is its low profitability.Gearing ratio is 22.27% which is good as has a scope for future borrowing if required.RD has just reduced by 4%ROCE Return for section holders are major concern for SONY.7. Style of leadership and managementThe leadership style of Akio Morita the co-founder of Sony Corporation included the ability to imagine, design, implement and develop new products, marketing, brand management strategies and human resources skill as well. Akio Morita resigned from the post of the Chairman, during which he positioned Sony as the worlds most successful consumer electronics company. Sony was ranked 37 on the Fortune 500 orbiculate list. Under Moritas leadership, Sony developed many new products and technologies. One of the other key success factors of Sony was Moritas people skills and his trust in his employees. Sony continued its tradition of offering modern products after Moritas death in 1999. Sony has been a modern Japanese company as they have promoted young Idei to President of Sony when he was 57 years lessened according to Japanese standard. It was under his leadership that they have recovered from t he 1995 crisis have posted the highest ever profit. Idei also launched Transformation 60 which was not of a frequently success. The main purposes of Transformation 60 wereReduce cost by 300 Billion Yen.Decrease workforce by 20000.Achieve profit margin of 10% march 06.By the early 21st century, Sony was facing several problems due to the slowdown in the global economy, but then they recovered well under the leadership of Sir Howard Stringer who was made the CEO Chairman of the Sony Corporation. A Non Japanese to senior management position was not a typical Japanese culture but has given them the desired result.So as a whole Sony Corporation has always been under a good senior management for all the years.8. passBuilding of Strategy Sony as a much international company with major branches in Europe and the United States and stocks listed in 23 stock exchanges, the Japanese cultural school strategy is not sufficient. Becoming a mature company, the strategy should also change to mor e profit orientated. There should also be greater emphasis on market share, especially in Japan where Sonys market is shrinking. Strategy should be aimed at greater control and communication amid manager and workers, especially the engineers in the RD Department.Diversification One direction which is possible is concentrating more on electronic know how in non-consumer business. Currently, the buyer has much more choosing power and competition is fierce. The competitors are also able to copy the product in a much shorter time. To create larger profit margins, Sony should concentrate on the business sector and industries, supplying high technology equipment and parts. This would make full use of the RD Department. Although the Sony name is often related to expensive, high-profit end of the market, the organization should also unfold its product range by offering lower priced, simpler featured products that would compete head on with others. With the lower priced line, Sony can also increase its market shares in both overseas and Japanese markets.Alliance and Cooperation Sony should try to become a leader instead of a maverick. The difference is great, the leader, besides a great innovator, should also be a great coordinator. Internally, the different RD groups should cooperate more. The product line should also be made more compatible with one another, i.e. no more secret projects. Products should be made with higher added value and enormouser life rather than making frequent model changes. This is also a shift from a manufacturer-orientated mentality to a consumer-orientated mentality, which is a way to save natural resources. The brand-line compatibility also builds brand loyalty for consumers.Cost Cutting Cost cutting is important because RD plays an inherent part in the success of Sony and cannot be cut drastically although it gobbles up 10% of sales. Therefore, the only way to improve profit margins is to cut cost. Sony is not fully making use of other lower cost areas in the world, especially Asian countries such as Malaysia, Thailand and the Philippines etc. By setting up factories in these countries, Sony can take advantage of their cheap labour and also get a head start in their budding consumer markets.Products should be refined instead of reinvented so that there would be less set up cost and greater automation could be achieved. This could also be seen as a long term strategy.Integration of production, design and marketing In many ways, designing and developing of a product is separate from the production and marketing. RD should listen more to what the consumer needs and then innovate instead of always creating new product for markets. With great freedom, the designing team should also take on greater state in making the product fit to the current production pattern and marketing aims. They should also be made more responsible to the profit and loss of the particular(a) product. Empowering these three separate groups cr eates conflict, but it also brings these separate efficient groups unneurotic achieving synergy.Implementation Internally, strategy should be reviewed beginning with renewing the corporate goals. It should integrate together both the Japanese work ethic and its western counterparts. This is possible, because Sony is a multinational corporation with employees and customers in many different countries. This involves writing the importance of profits and its responsibility to shareholders in the statement. Integration of the company, the designing, production and marketing should be encouraged, with increased communication between each group and the management acting as liaison and guidance. The management should be providing the organization with specific goals and strategies for the short and long term. These changes are intended to balance business Vs engineering. Setting up alliances with fellow electronic manufacturers / competitor is crucial to mutual benefit so should be pursue d as soon as possible.9. Conclusion.The reputed brand name is one the Sonys strength, but on the other hand, many competitors start to see Sony as their target and main competitor, which will inflict various threats against Sony. Sony also needs to concentrates on improving itself. They collect Voice of Customer (VOC), which directly reflect the responses, expectations or suggestions from end-users. It could be observed that Sony is positively dealing with its competitors, through learning from failure and looking for room to further improve. Such strategy helps minimize the probabilities that their customers would turn to other competitors. It aims at retaining its present customers and keeping their Number 1 market position.Sony made full efforts to support the environment from 1989. Sony is using blue ocean strategy on the business. Toward this end, Sony has sponsored many package redesign projects and committed to considering the environment, not only to create environmentally-f riendly design but also to reduce genuine use. Due to this heartfelt customer service, high-quality, reliable products that Sonys customers can use with confidence. At the end of this case study Sony is not in a very strong strategic position but it is also not in a very bad strategic position. The position of Sony is in between.The conclusion is that change is compulsory in Sony. However, even with strategically and structure change, the Sony spirit of Technovation(technological Innovation) should remain intact because that is what made Sony grow and would make it stay strong.

Defragmenting Computer Geeks :: Computer Geeks Nerd Essays

Defragmenting Computer GeeksWhat constitutes a computer eccentric person? Take a second to counterfeit an image of what a computer geek is. What does he/she look, act, and sound like?Mark is currently enrolled at JMU, and this is his second semester away from home at college. Mark, a skinny lookout man Caucasian male has his face two inches away from the computer monitor. He is playing the most up to date popular friend Trek video game on his newly acquired Pentium 5 processor. Ring Ring Ring.the phone rang, his eyes still fixated on the screen, he adjusts his glasses, and then went back to his game while the ringing had stopped. The first five words that popped into my head when picturing a computer geek were Caucasian, skinny, antisocial, timid, and glasses. The thoughts running through my sound judgement were typical stereotypes of a nerd and a geek. In my definition, a computer geek is an outcast of society whom are obsessed by computers and everything that has to do with technology. The effort I depicted a geek in such a physically weak manner is from stereotypes that I acquired through high school up until the present. From elementary school to high school the so-called popular kids were always bullying around the intelligent, who were typically skinny, weak, and introverted. Their skin would have no pigment and pale because they never get enough sunlight. Geeks and nerds are very smart compared to the average and often have glasses on because of their damaged eyes from the bright monitor. In the intro, I pictured that he did not pick up the phone, which shows that the geek is antisocial and caught up in the game. He would most likely act quaint and awkward in social situations. After I read the Luddite vs. Fetishist article and learned the term of fetishist, I have always pictured the computer geek as an introverted and anti-social character (Henderson 36). I am obviously stereotyping against people with introverted personalities. My opinion of an outgoing person is one who interacts in social events earlier than sitting alone in front of a piece of machinery, wasting his or her life away playing games, and browsing the web. My assumption may be because of the act of sitting in front of a computer, it is an antisocial non-interactive act rather than a social activity like shooting pool, and conversing over the dinner table.